曼昆微观经济学原理 第六章 PPT
34页1、Supply, Demand, and Government Policies,Macroeconomics,P R I N C I P L E S O F,N. Gregory Mankiw,Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich,6,In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:,What are price ceilings and price floors? What are some examples of each? How do price ceilings and price floors affect market outcomes? How do taxes affect market outcomes? How do the effects depend on whether the tax is imposed on buyers or sellers? What is the incidence of a tax? What determines
2、the incidence?,1,SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES,2,Government Policies That Alter the Private Market Outcome,Price controlsPrice ceiling: a legal maximum on the price of a good or service Example: rent control Price floor: a legal minimum on the price of a good or service Example: minimum wage TaxesThe govt can make buyers or sellers pay a specific amount on each unit bought/sold.,We will use the supply/demand model to see how each policy affects the market outcome (the price buyers pay,
3、 the price sellers receive, and eqm quantity).,SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES,3,EXAMPLE 1: The Market for Apartments,Eqm w/o price controls,SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES,4,How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes,A price ceiling above the eqm price is not binding has no effect on the market outcome.,SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES,5,How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes,The eqm price ($800) is above the ceiling and therefore illegal.The ceiling is a binding constr
4、aint on the price, causes a shortage.,$800,SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES,6,How Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes,In the long run, supply and demand are more price-elastic. So, the shortage is larger.,$800,150,450,SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES,7,Shortages and Rationing,With a shortage, sellers must ration the goods among buyers. Some rationing mechanisms: (1) Long lines (2) Discrimination according to sellers biasesThese mechanisms are often unfair, and inefficient: the go
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