计算机科学概论原版课件(第九版)-10(最新版-修订)
43页1、Chapter 10,Artificial Intelligence, 2007 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved,Chapter 10: Artificial Intelligence,10.1 Intelligence and Machines 10.2 Perception 10.3 Reasoning 10.4 Additional Areas of Research 10.5 Artificial Neural Networks 10.6 Robotics 10.7 Considering the Consequences,Intelligent Agents,Agent: A “device” that responds to stimuli from its environment Sensors Actuators The goal of artificial intelligence is to build agents that behave intelligently,Levels of Intelligent
2、 Behavior,Reflex: actions are predetermined responses to the input data Intelligent response: actions affected by knowledge of the environment Goal seeking Learning,Figure 10.1 The eight-puzzle in its solved configuration,Figure 10.2 Our puzzle-solving machine,Approaches to Research in Artificial Intelligence,Performance oriented: Researcher tries to maximize the performance of the agents. Simulation oriented: Researcher tries to understand how the agents produce responses.,Turing Test,Proposed
3、by Alan Turing in 1950 Benchmark for progress in artificial intelligence Test setup: Human interrogator communicates with test subject by typewriter. Test: Can the human interrogator distinguish whether the test subject is human or machine?,Techniques for Understanding Images,Template matching Image processing edge enhancement region finding smoothing Image analysis,Language Processing,Syntactic Analysis Semantic Analysis Contextual Analysis,Figure 10.3 A semantic net,Components of a Production
4、Systems,1. Collection of states Start (or initial) state Goal state (or states) 2. Collection of productions: rules or moves Each production may have preconditions 3. Control system: decides which production to apply next,Reasoning by Searching,State Graph: All states and productions Search Tree: A record of state transitions explored while searching for a goal state Breadth-first search Depth-first search,Figure 10.4 A small portion of the eight-puzzles state graph,Figure 10.5 Deductive reasoni
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