介词的分类与语法功能

1、1、介词的分类与语法功能（1）介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等）构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at、in、for等；合成介词，如within、inside、onto、througout等；短语介词，如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of、instead of等。双重介词，如from behind / above / under、until after等。分词介词，如considering、including、judging(from / by) 等。 常见的介词宾语：名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如：It is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast.He quarrelled with her yesterday.He succeeded in passing the final exam.Im still thinking of how I

2、can fulfil the task ahead of time.The professor will give us a talk on how to study English well.（2）介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如：This machine is in good condition.(表语)Where is the key to my bike?(定语)Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)She always thinks herself above others.（宾补）2、介词搭配（1）“动词+介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。rob sb. of sth. / clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of 连用)supply us with food / fill the glass with wine（“供给”意义的动词与with连用）make a desk of wood / make bread from

3、 flour / make the material into a coat（“制作、制造”意义与of、from、into连用）介词 + the + 部位与动词的关系（=动词 + sb.s + 部位，可换用）strike him on the head(“击，拍，碰，摸”意义与on连用)catch him by the arm(“抓，拉，拿，扯”意义与by连用)hit the boy in the face（“肚，胸，眼，脸”等人体前部与in连用）prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止，禁止”意义与from连用)persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.（“说服，建议”意义与into连用）buy sb. for sth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用)tell sth.to sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用)give sth. to sb.（give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”

4、意义与to连用）注意：可换成buy sb.sth.双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。同一介词与不同动词搭配，意义各异。reply to the letter回信，sing(dance)to the music和唱（跳），amount to 达到，加起来有，devote to把贡献给，drink to为干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜，ask for 寻找，use for用作，leave for前往，take for误以为，call of倡导，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助（救）于，help oneself to随意，agree to同意，compare to把比作，send for派人去请（拿），sail for驶向，航向，set out for动身去

5、，go in for爱好。（2）常见“形容词 + 介词”搭配。 worthy of值得的，glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴，far from离远，grateful for sth. to sb.为某事感激某人，free from没有（免除），proud of(take pride in)自豪，satisfied with (by)满意，sure of / about确信，fond of喜欢，fit for适合，busy with sth.(in doing sth.)忙着干某事，full of充满，ready for准备，similar to相似，wrong with不对；有毛病（3）“名词 + 介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。3、核心介词用法归纳与辨析（1）表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s, in the year, in January, in(the) winter / summer / fall / spring, in the first week of May

6、。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while, in no time, in the daytime, in a short while, in time, in the morning (afternoon, evening)。但要注意：at night / at noon, in the day(在白天),in the night（大夜间）。in five days（weeks, months, years）中in意思是“在以后”。in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如：in the night, during the night, in the war, during the war。但略有区别：当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during，接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如：（2）在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。(3)表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper, lunch),at sixat noon (sunrise, sunset, midday, night, midnight, da

7、wn)at the age of 15, at the time of war,但in time of danger/ trouble。注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。如：next day、last Sunday、that morning、these yearsone、each、any、every、some、all修饰时,一般不用介词,如some dayone day、yesterday / afternoon,the night before（4）till、until、to的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如：He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 a.m.(不可用to).但注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。如：Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.to表“终结”时常用和from连用，但要注意不与from连用时的意义。如：from July to S

8、eptember, from six to(till)eight（从到为止），但from morning till night（从早到晚），不能用to。from to常构成习惯搭配，不可换用其他介词。（A）表持久连续、传递、转移的含义。from time to time(不时，有时)，from day to day (天天),from hand to hand(不断传下去)，from place to place（处处，到处），from side to side(左右摇摆)，from door to door（家家户户），from house to house（挨家挨户），from shop to shop（一个商店接一个商店）。(B)表起始终止的全过程或程度加深、状态变化。from beginning to end(从头到尾，自始至终)（from the beginning to the end of）;from hand to mouth(仅能糊口)，from bad to worse(越来越糟)，from head to foot(从头到脚),from top to bottom

9、（整个地，彻底地），from top to toe(全身)，from start to finish（自始至终，从头到尾）。（C）from one + 名词 + to another表示“依次”。如from one car to another（顺着车厢依次地）。（D）名词 + by + 同一单数名词，表示“一个一个地”，要与from to短语区别开：one by one 一个一个地；little by little(bit)一点一点地；step by step 一步一步地，逐渐地（但by and by 不久以后）；sentence by sentence逐句地；day by day一天一天地；side by side(with)(和)并肩，一起；shoulder to shoulder肩并肩地，齐心协力；hand in hand 手拉手，紧紧地;face to face面对面。（5）in、after、laterin + 一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时连用；但表示“在之内”时，用于各种时态。一段时间 + later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。after + 一段时间表示：“在之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after,即after + 点时间，用于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外，in + 一段时间 + s + time 与 wi

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