新能源（光伏）高级电子教材版卷1：PV原理及应用（全英版）（共6期）.docx

Table of content1. Introduction 21.1 Learning objectives of the course 21.2 Introduction to the course 22. Application 42.1 PV system categories/application 42.2 Grid-connected configuration 52.3 Off-grid configuration 73. Components of a PV system 93.1 Overview of PV cell types 93.2 PV modules 103.3 Introduction to inverters 113.4 Introduction to mounting structures 124. Physical aspects 144.1 PV cell power output 144.2 Electrical characteristics and the I-V curve 154.3 Factors affecting power output 154.3.1 Impact of irradiance 164.3.2 Impact of temperature 174.3.3 Impact of load resistance 184.3.4 Standard test conditions 184.3.5 Temperature coefficient 194.3.6 Calculation exercise 194.3.7 Orientation and inclination (tilt) of PV modules 205. Economic aspects of PV 225.1 Resource assessment 225.2 Definition of Performance Ratio 235.3 Energy yield calculation and example 245.4 Metering options 255.5 Investment cost of a PV system 265.6 Price tendencies for modules and inverters 275.7 Operating costs 285.8 Endnotes 296. Summary 306.1 Summary of the course 306.2 References 30PV – applicationPage 9 of 3024/02/20171. Introduction1.1 Learning objectives of the courseUpon completion of this course, participants will be able to· categorize different PV system applications,· select the correct system configuration and size the necessary components according to the chosen application,· analyse the impact of different parameters on the PV system power output and· evaluate the economic aspects of PV systems incl. energy yield, metering options and costs.1.2 Introduction to the courseLearning objectives: Upon completion of this page, you should be able to· explain photovoltaics in a nutshell and· describe the use of photovoltaics in principle.Photovoltaics (PV) is the technology which generates electricity directly from sunlight via the photoelectric effect. The photovoltaic module, which is made up of photovoltaic cells, transforms solar energy into DC electricity. Another solar energy technology is solar thermal. Solar thermal uses solar energy to generate heat rather than electricity.This unit will solely talk about photovoltaics since solar thermal technology will be covered in a separate unit. Nevertheless it is important to make a clear distinction between these two very different technologies which are often confused since they use the same energy source (solar radiation).The electricity generated using PV can be fed into the electricity grid, stored in batteries for later use, or used directly. As of 2015, the total global installed PV capacity was approximately 200 GW.This unit will give an overview of PV. The focus will be on the PV module and its characteristics. Other main components will also be presented and the basic physical parameters to determine power output of a PV cell will be explained. Finally, an energy yield calculation will be provided.Photovoltaics (left) – sunlight is converted into electricity; solar thermal (right) – solar energy generates heat, e.g. hot water (Source: RENAC)Residential grid-connected PV system (large array) and single solar thermal collector below PV array on a roof in Germany (Source: RENAC)2. Application2.1 PV system categories/applicationLearning objective: Upon completion of this page, you should be able to· distinguish between off-grid and grid-connected PV systems. There are two general categories of PV systems:· Off-grid PV systems· Grid-connected PV systemsThe figure “Overview of off-grid and grid-connected PV systems” shows some of the essential components in both off-grid and grid-connected systems. Off-grid systems produce electricity that is consumed on site. Grid-connected systems inject electricity into the electricity grid, where it flows to different points of consumption.The overwhelming majority of systems will fall into the above categories. Different books will have slightly different approaches to system categorisation. It is essential that you are clear about which type of system you are dealing with. The figure “Categories of PV systems” shows that the two main categories also have further sub-categories. Grid-connected PV systems can feed into different voltage levels of the grid, depending on the capacity of the PV plant. The higher the power generation capacity, the higher the voltage level to which the PV plant is connected. Off-grid PV systems can be split into stand-alone systems with or without batteries for storage of electricity, or mini-grids which combine PV with other electricity generation and storage technologies in order to secure electricity supply, e.g. a diesel + PV hybrid system.In regions with a weak electricity grid, grid-connected PV systems may be installed in such a way that they can be used as off-grid systems during power cuts.Overview of off-grid (left) and grid。