化学专业英语unit.5资料.ppt

Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds （无机化合物命名法）,1. Names of Cations（阳离子的命名） 1） Monatomic Cations（单原子阳离子）：元素名称 + ion * 如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子，则使用斯托克数字（Stock number）来表示其所带电荷（只形成一种阳离子的不必用）2） Polyatomic Cations（多原子阳离子）： 原子团名称 + ion,例：NH4+：ammonium ion,例:： Na+：sodium ion；Ag+：silver ion； Ca2+：calcium ion； Fe2+：iron（II）ion； Fe3+：iron（III）ion； Al3+：aluminum ion；,2. Names of Anions（阴离子的命名）,1） Monatomic anions（单原子阴离子）： 元素名称的词干 + -ide + ion 例：F-：fluoride ion（F：fluorine）； Cl-：chloride ion（Cl：chlorine）； Br-：bromide ion（Br：bromine）； I-：iodide ion（I：iodine） * 氰根（CN-）和氢氧根（OH-）视同单原子阴离子 CN-：cyanide ion；OH-：hydroxide ion,2）Oxyanions （Oxoanions） （含氧阴离子，又称酸根离子）：,例：CO32-：carbonate ion（C：carbon）； SO42-：sulfate ion（S：sulfur）； SO32-：sulfite ion； NO3-：nitrate ion（N：nitrogen）； NO2-：nitrite ion ； ClO-：hypochlorite ion； ClO2-：chlorite ion； ClO3-：chlorate ion； ClO4-：perchlorate ion； PO3- ： metaphosphate ion,非氧元素名称的词干+ -ate + ion（译为“*酸根离子”）,* 如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧阴离子，则按以下规则：,a.高（过）* 酸根离子：per- +非氧元素名称的词干+-ate + ion b.* 酸根离子：非氧元素名称的词干+ -ate + ion c.亚 * 酸根离子：非氧元素名称的词干+ -ite + ion d.次 * 酸根离子：hypo- +非氧元素名称的词干+ -ite + ion,偏 * 酸根离子：meta- +非氧元素名称的词干+ - ate + ion 焦 * 酸根离子：pyro- +非氧元素名称的词干 + - ate + ion,*,3） Anions containing hydrogen（含氢阴离子）：hydrogen + 去掉氢的离子名称 例：HCO3-：hydrogen carbonate ion,3. Names of Acids（酸的命名）： 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+ -ic acid,* 如果某元素能形成一种以上的含氧酸，则按以下规则： a. 高（过）* 酸：per- + 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ic acid b. * 酸：酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + - ic acid c. 亚 * 酸：酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ous acid d. 次 * 酸：hypo- + 酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干 + -ous acid,4. Names of Bases（碱的命名）：元素名称 + hydroxide,偏*酸：meta- +酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+ -ic acid 焦*酸：pyro- +酸根离子中非氧元素名称的词干+ -ic acid 例：H2SO4：sulfuric acid； H3PO4：phosphoric acid（P：phosphorus）,* 如果某元素能形成一种以上的阳离子，则使用斯托克数字（Stock number）来表示其所带电荷（只形成一种阳离子的不必用）. 例：NaOH：sodium hydroxide； KOH：potassium hydroxide,5. Names of Salts（盐的命名）：,不带“ion”的阳离子名称 + 不带“ion”的阴离子名称,* 阳离子的电荷数用斯托克数字（Stock number）来表示（只形成一种阳离子的元素不必用）. 例：CuCl：copper（I）chloride； CuCl2：copper（II）chloride； CuSO4：copper（II）sulfate； KClO4：potassium perchlorate,6. Names of Molecular Compounds （分子化合物的命名）：,正价元素名称 + 负价元素名称的词干 + -ide,* 分子中各元素原子的个数用希腊数字前缀来表示. 例：CaO：calcium oxide； CO2：carbon dioxide； P2O5：diphosphorus pentoxide； SF6：sulfur hexafluoride； CO：carbon monoxide,7. Names of Hydrates（水合物的命名）：,非水化合物名称 + 表示结晶水个数的希腊数字前缀 + hydrate,* 常用数字前缀 ：1. mono-; 2. bi-; 3. tri-; 4. tetra-; 5. penta-; 6. hex(a)- ( sex(a)-); 7. hept(a)- (sept(a)-); 8. oct(a)-; 9. non(a)-; 10. dec(a)- 例：CuSO4·5H2O： copper（II）sulfate pentahydrate,Unit 5. Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds(Ⅰ),Systematic Chemical Nomenclature 1. The systematic method of naming inorganic compounds considers the compound to be composed of two parts, one positive and one negative. The positive part, which is either a metal, hydrogen, or another positively charged group, is named and written first. The negative part, generally nonmetallic, follows. The names of the elements are modified with suffixes and prefixes to identify the different types or classes of compounds.,Binary Compounds 2. Binary compounds contain only two different elements. Their names consist of two parts: the name of the more electropositive element followed by the name of the electronegative element, which is modified to end in ide. (1) Binary compounds in which the electropositive element has a fixed Oxidation state. 3. The majority of these compounds contain a metal and a nonmetal. The chemical name is composed of the name of the metal, which is written first, followed by the name of the nonmetal, which has been modified to an identifying stem plus the suffix ide.,Table 1 Stems of the more common negalive-ion-forminc elements 4. Compounds may contain more than one atom of the same element, but as long as the3 contain only two different elements, and if only one compound of these two elemenn exists, the name follows the rule for binary compounds. Examples: KI CaBr2 Mg3N2 Potassium iodide Calcium bromide Magnesium nitride,(2) Binary compounds containing metals of variable oxidation numbers. 5. Two systems are commonly used for compounds in this category. The official system designated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), is known as the Stock System. In the Stock System, when a compound contains a metal that can have more than one oxidation number, the oxidation number of the metal in the compound is designated by a Roman numeral written in parentheses immediately after the name of the metal. The negative element is treated in the usual manner for binary compounds. Examples FeCl2 Iron (II) chloride FeCl3 Iron (III) chloride OuCI Copper (I) chloride CuCl2 Copper (II) chloride,6. The fact that FeCl2 has two chloride ions, each with -1 charge, establishes that the oxidation number of Fe is +2. To distinguish between the two iron chlorides, FeCl2 is named iron (II) chloride and FeCl3 is named iron (III) chloride. 7. When a metal has only one possible oxidation state, there is no need to distinguish one oxidation state from anot。