临床医学ICRP辐射防护体系的道德伦理基础.ppt

ICRPICRP放射防护体系放射防护体系放射防护体系放射防护体系: : : :道德伦理基础道德伦理基础道德伦理基础道德伦理基础The ICRP System of Radiation Protection: Moral and Ethical FoundationThe ICRP System of Radiation Protection: Moral and Ethical Foundation国际放射防护委员会国际放射防护委员会2007年建议书年建议书国际放射防护委员会第国际放射防护委员会第103号出版物号出版物The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological ProtectionICRP Publication 103放射防护的生物学方面放射防护的生物学方面- 确定效应（有害的组织反应）的诱发确定效应（有害的组织反应）的诱发- 随机效应的诱发随机效应的诱发- 判断和不确定性判断和不确定性 Biological Aspects of Radiological Protection- The induction of deterministic effects (harmful tissue reactions)- The induction of stochastic effects- Judgements and uncertainties; Dose (Sv) Likelihood of health effects100%(certainty)~0,1Approx. lower bound of pathological knowledge~ 5%(UNSCEAR estimate)~1~10 Tissue reactionsClinical diagnosis (individual pathology)Approx. lower bound of epidemiological knowledge Cytogenetic exposure indicators radiationsyndromes and death~ 10%~ 1%General radiobiological information Increase incidence of malignancies Statistical estimates (epidemiology of populations)Frequentist(Bernoullian) estimationSubjective(Bayesian) estimation Estimated likelihood Estimated likelihood of cancer of cancer; Dose (Sv) Likelihood of health effects100%(certainty)~0,1Approx. lower bound of pathological knowledge~ 5%(UNSCEAR estimate)~1~10Approx. lower bound of epidemiological knowledge Increasedsyndromes and death~ 10%~ 1%TypicalBackground Estimated likelihood Estimated likelihood of cancer of cancerRegion of individual attribution of effectsRegion of inference of radiation risksRegion of collective attribution of effects; Dose (Gy) Likelihood of health effects100%(certainty)~0,1Approx. lower bound of pathological knowledge~ 5%(UNSCEAR estimate)~1~10Approx. lower bound of epidemiological knowledge Increasedsyndromes and death~ 10%~ 1%TypicalBackground Estimated likelihood Estimated likelihood of cancer of cancerRegion of individual attribution of effectsRegion of inference of radiation risksRegion of collective attribution of effects; Totalbackground incidence of effectsBackground annual dose (average 2.4, typical 10 mSv y-1)Postulated likelihood of health effects DoseRadiation-unrelatedbackground incidencePresumedradiation-relatedbackground incidenceNominal incremental likelihoodof health effectsIncremental dose0.005%/mSv0.005%/mSv辐射防护中使用的量辐射防护中使用的量Quantities Used in Radiological Protection 活度活度 (Activity)，，A吸收剂量吸收剂量 (absorbed dose), D注量注量(Fluence)，，Φ 吸收剂量吸收剂量 (absorbed dose), D辐射权重因数辐射权重因数 (Radiation weighting factor), wR 当量剂量当量剂量 (Equivalent dose), HT 辐射种类辐射种类辐射权重因数，辐射权重因数，wR光子光子电子电子a和和μ介子介子质子和带电质子和带电π介子介子α粒子，裂变碎片，重离子粒子，裂变碎片，重离子中子中子11220中子能量的连续函数中子能量的连续函数当量剂量当量剂量 (Equivalent dose), HT组织权重因数组织权重因数 (Tissue Weighting factor), wT有效剂量有效剂量 (Effective dose), E 组织组织wTΣwT骨髓（红），结肠，肺，胃，骨髓（红），结肠，肺，胃，乳腺，其余组织乳腺，其余组织*性腺性腺膀胱，食道，肝，甲状腺膀胱，食道，肝，甲状腺骨表面，脑，唾腺，皮肤骨表面，脑，唾腺，皮肤0.120.080.040.01总总0.720.080.160.041.00照射情况类型照射情况类型 Types of exposure situations照射情况类型照射情况类型照射情况类型照射情况类型 Types of exposure situationsTypes of exposure situations• •现存照射情况现存照射情况现存照射情况现存照射情况 Existing exposure situationsExisting exposure situations• •计划照射情况计划照射情况计划照射情况计划照射情况Planned exposure situationsPlanned exposure situations• •应急照射情况应急照射情况应急照射情况应急照射情况 Emergency exposure situations,Emergency exposure situations,计划照射情况计划照射情况计划照射情况计划照射情况, ,Planned exposure situations,Planned exposure situations, • •是指计划引入或操作辐射源的情况（这类是指计划引入或操作辐射源的情况（这类是指计划引入或操作辐射源的情况（这类是指计划引入或操作辐射源的情况（这类照射情况包括以前分类为实践的情况）。

照射情况包括以前分类为实践的情况）照射情况包括以前分类为实践的情况）照射情况包括以前分类为实践的情况）which are situations involving the planned introduction and operation of which are situations involving the planned introduction and operation of sources. (This type of exposure situation includes situations that were sources. (This type of exposure situation includes situations that were previously categorised as practices.)previously categorised as practices.)*15天然本底天然本底 natural background有效剂量有效剂量有效剂量有效剂量 (Effective dose)(Effective dose) 实践实践实践实践practicepractice监管控制监管控制regulatory control计划照射情况计划照射情况计划照射情况计划照射情况, ,Planned exposure situations,Planned exposure situations, 应急照射情况，应急照射情况，应急照射情况，应急照射情况， Emergency exposure situationsEmergency exposure situations, ,• •是指在计划照射情况的运行过程中可能发是指在计划照射情况的运行过程中可能发是指在计划照射情况的运行过程中可能发是指在计划照射情况的运行过程中可能发生，或由恶意行为引起的，并需要采取应生，或由恶意行为引起的，并需要采取应生，或由恶意行为引起的，并需要采取应生，或由恶意行为引起的，并需要采取应急措施的意外情况。

急措施的意外情况急措施的意外情况急措施的意外情况 which are unexpected situations such as those that may which are unexpected situations such as those that may occur during the operation of a planned situation, or from a occur during the operation of a planned situation, or from a malicious act, requiring urgent attention.malicious act, requiring urgent attention.现存照射情况，现存照射情况，现存照射情况，现存照射情况， Existing exposure situations,Existing exposure situations,• •是指在决定必须采取控制措施时照射已经存是指在决定必须采取控制措施时照射已经存是指在决定必须采取控制措施时照射已经存是指在决定必须采取控制措施时照射已经存在的情况，如天然本底辐射引起的照射。

在的情况，如天然本底辐射引起的照射在的情况，如天然本底辐射引起的照射在的情况，如天然本底辐射引起的照射 which are exposure situations that already exist when a decision on control which are exposure situations that already exist when a decision on control has to be taken, such as those caused by natural background radiation.has to be taken, such as those caused by natural background radiation.*18可防止的剂量可防止的剂量 (Averted dose)监管控制监管控制regulatory control有效剂量有效剂量 (Effective dose) 应急照射情况应急照射情况 Emergency exposure situations2009 WNU-Summer Institute现存照射情况现存照射情况现存照射情况现存照射情况 Existing exposure situations,Existing exposure situations,2009 WNU-Summer InstituteS放射防护原则放射防护原则 The principles of radiological protection放射防护原则放射防护原则放射防护原则放射防护原则 The principles of radiological protectionThe principles of radiological protection• • 正当性原则正当性原则正当性原则正当性原则 The Principle of JustificationThe Principle of Justification• • 防护最优化原则防护最优化原则防护最优化原则防护最优化原则 The Principle of Optimization of ProtectionThe Principle of Optimization of Protection• • 剂量限值的应用原则剂量限值的应用原则剂量限值的应用原则剂量限值的应用原则 The Principle of Application of Dose LimitsThe Principle of Application of Dose Limits• • 保护当代和后代原则保护当代和后代原则保护当代和后代原则保护当代和后代原则The Principle of Protection of Present and Future GenerationsThe Principle of Protection of Present and Future Generations正当性原则正当性原则正当性原则正当性原则 The Principle of JustificationThe Principle of Justification • •任何改变照射情况的决定都应当是利大于弊。

任何改变照射情况的决定都应当是利大于弊任何改变照射情况的决定都应当是利大于弊任何改变照射情况的决定都应当是利大于弊 Any decision that alters the radiation exposure situation should do more good than harm.Any decision that alters the radiation exposure situation should do more good than harm.正当性正当性Justification利弊利弊好好 (good) > 坏坏 (bad) 电力电力 (electricity) 好好 (good)好好 (good) > 坏坏 (bad)放射性排放放射性排放(radioactive discharges)坏坏 (bad)防护最优化原则防护最优化原则防护最优化原则防护最优化原则The Principle of Optimization of ProtectionThe Principle of Optimization of Protection• •在考虑了经济和社会因素后，遭受照射的在考虑了经济和社会因素后，遭受照射的在考虑了经济和社会因素后，遭受照射的在考虑了经济和社会因素后，遭受照射的可能性、受照射人员数量以及个人所受剂可能性、受照射人员数量以及个人所受剂可能性、受照射人员数量以及个人所受剂可能性、受照射人员数量以及个人所受剂量的大小均需控制在可合理达到的尽量低量的大小均需控制在可合理达到的尽量低量的大小均需控制在可合理达到的尽量低量的大小均需控制在可合理达到的尽量低水平水平水平水平。

The likelihood of incurring exposure, the number of people exposed, and the The likelihood of incurring exposure, the number of people exposed, and the magnitude of their individual doses should all be kept as low as reasonably magnitude of their individual doses should all be kept as low as reasonably achievable, taking into account economic and societal factors.achievable, taking into account economic and societal factors.危害危害 Detriment对受照射人群组和他们的后代对受照射人群组和他们的后代产生的总健康损害产生的总健康损害社会成本社会成本 Social cost危害危害 + + 社会成本社会成本 Detriment +Social cost 辐射防护水平辐射防护水平辐射防护水平辐射防护水平RP levelRP level最佳最佳最佳最佳 optimaloptimal剂量限值的应用原则剂量限值的应用原则剂量限值的应用原则剂量限值的应用原则 The Principle of Application of Dose LimitsThe Principle of Application of Dose Limits• •除患者的医疗照射之外，任何个人受到来除患者的医疗照射之外，任何个人受到来除患者的医疗照射之外，任何个人受到来除患者的医疗照射之外，任何个人受到来自受监管源的计划照射剂量之和不应超过自受监管源的计划照射剂量之和不应超过自受监管源的计划照射剂量之和不应超过自受监管源的计划照射剂量之和不应超过委员会确定的相应限值。

委员会确定的相应限值委员会确定的相应限值委员会确定的相应限值 The total dose to any individual from regulated sources in planned The total dose to any individual from regulated sources in planned exposure situations other than medical exposure of patients should exposure situations other than medical exposure of patients should not exceed the appropriate limits specified by the Commission.not exceed the appropriate limits specified by the Commission.*27天然本底天然本底 natural background有效剂量有效剂量有效剂量有效剂量 (Effective dose)(Effective dose) 实践实践实践实践practicepractice剂量限值剂量限值剂量限值剂量限值 (Dose limit)(Dose limit)剂量约束剂量约束剂量约束剂量约束 (Dose constraint)(Dose constraint)计划照射情况计划照射情况计划照射情况计划照射情况, ,Planned exposure situations,Planned exposure situations, 剂量限值剂量限值 (Dose limit)ll在有计划照射情况下对个人产生的有在有计划照射情况下对个人产生的有在有计划照射情况下对个人产生的有在有计划照射情况下对个人产生的有效剂量或当量剂量不得超过的数值。

效剂量或当量剂量不得超过的数值效剂量或当量剂量不得超过的数值效剂量或当量剂量不得超过的数值 llThe value of the effective dose or the equivalent dose to individuals from The value of the effective dose or the equivalent dose to individuals from planned exposure situations that shall not be exceeded.planned exposure situations that shall not be exceeded.*29Industry剂量限值剂量限值 (Dose limit(Dose limit) )剂量约束剂量约束 (Dose constraint) ll来自某一个源的预期的和源相关的个来自某一个源的预期的和源相关的个来自某一个源的预期的和源相关的个来自某一个源的预期的和源相关的个人剂量限制，对来自某个源的最高被人剂量限制，对来自某个源的最高被人剂量限制，对来自某个源的最高被人剂量限制，对来自某个源的最高被照射个人提供一个基本防护水平，用照射个人提供一个基本防护水平，用照射个人提供一个基本防护水平，用照射个人提供一个基本防护水平，用作源防护最优化的剂量上限。

作源防护最优化的剂量上限作源防护最优化的剂量上限作源防护最优化的剂量上限 llA prospective and source-related restriction on the individual dose from a A prospective and source-related restriction on the individual dose from a source, which provides a basic level of protection for the most highly source, which provides a basic level of protection for the most highly exposed individuals from a source, and serves as an upper bound on the exposed individuals from a source, and serves as an upper bound on the dose in optimization of protection for that source.dose in optimization of protection for that source.*31剂量约束剂量约束 (Dose constraint)*32可防止的剂量可防止的剂量 (Averted dose)参考水平参考水平 (Reference Level)有效剂量有效剂量 (Effective dose) 应急照射情况应急照射情况 Emergency exposure situations2009 WNU-Summer Institute现存照射情况现存照射情况现存照射情况现存照射情况 Existing exposure situations,Existing exposure situations,2009 WNU-Summer InstituteS可防止的剂量可防止的剂量 (Averted dose) l采取防护措施或制定防护措施防止或采取防护措施或制定防护措施防止或避免的剂量，即如果不采取防护措施避免的剂量，即如果不采取防护措施的预期剂量和预计剩余剂量之差。

的预期剂量和预计剩余剂量之差 The dose prevented or avoided by the application of a protective measure or set of protective measures, i.e., the difference between the projected dose if the protective measure(s) had not been applied and the expected residual dose .2009 WNU-Summer InstituteS参考水平参考水平 (Reference Level)l在应急或现存的可控制照射情况下，参考水平表在应急或现存的可控制照射情况下，参考水平表示这样的剂量或危险水平，对于计划准许存在的示这样的剂量或危险水平，对于计划准许存在的照射高于这一水平时认为是不恰当的，在这一水照射高于这一水平时认为是不恰当的，在这一水平之下应进行防护最优化。

平之下应进行防护最优化l参考水平值的选择取决于所考虑照射的主要情况参考水平值的选择取决于所考虑照射的主要情况lIn emergency or existing controllable exposure situations, this represents the level of dose or risk, above which it is judged to be inappropriate to plan to allow exposures to occur, and below which optimization of protection should be implemented. The chosen value for a reference level will depend upon the prevailing circumstances of the exposure under consideration.2009 WNU-Summer InstituteS保护当代和后代原则保护当代和后代原则保护当代和后代原则保护当代和后代原则The principle of protection of present and future generationsThe principle of protection of present and future generations• •必须保护当前和今后的人类和环境必须保护当前和今后的人类和环境必须保护当前和今后的人类和环境必须保护当前和今后的人类和环境免于辐射危险。

免于辐射危险免于辐射危险免于辐射危险People and the environment, present and future, must be protected People and the environment, present and future, must be protected against radiation risks.against radiation risks.委员会的确赞成全球为保持生物的委员会的确赞成全球为保持生物的多样性，确保物种的保护，保护自多样性，确保物种的保护，保护自然栖息地、群落和生态系统的健康然栖息地、群落和生态系统的健康与现状的需求和努力与现状的需求和努力The Commission does subscribe to the global needs and efforts required to maintain biological diversity, to ensure the conservation of species, and to protect the health and status of natural habitats, communities, and ecosystems.照射的分类照射的分类照射的分类照射的分类 Categories of exposureCategories of exposure• •职业照射职业照射职业照射职业照射 (Occupational exposure)(Occupational exposure) • •公众照射公众照射公众照射公众照射 (Public exposure)(Public exposure)• •医疗照射医疗照射医疗照射医疗照射 (Medical exposure)(Medical exposure)职业照射职业照射职业照射职业照射 (Occupational exposure)(Occupational exposure)• •指工作人员因从事他们的工作所受到的所有照射，指工作人员因从事他们的工作所受到的所有照射，指工作人员因从事他们的工作所受到的所有照射，指工作人员因从事他们的工作所受到的所有照射，下述情况除外，下述情况除外，下述情况除外，下述情况除外，– –1)1)排除的照射，和包含辐射的豁免活动或豁免源产生排除的照射，和包含辐射的豁免活动或豁免源产生排除的照射，和包含辐射的豁免活动或豁免源产生排除的照射，和包含辐射的豁免活动或豁免源产生的照射；的照射；的照射；的照射；– –2)2)任何医疗照射；以及任何医疗照射；以及任何医疗照射；以及任何医疗照射；以及– –3)3)正常地区天然本底辐射。

正常地区天然本底辐射正常地区天然本底辐射正常地区天然本底辐射••This refers to all exposure incurred by workers in the course of their work, with This refers to all exposure incurred by workers in the course of their work, with the exception ofthe exception of––1) excluded exposures and exposures from exempt activities involving radiation or 1) excluded exposures and exposures from exempt activities involving radiation or exempt sources; exempt sources; ––2) any medical exposure; and 2) any medical exposure; and ––3) the normal local natural background radiation.3) the normal local natural background radiation. 公众照射公众照射公众照射公众照射 (Public exposure)(Public exposure)• •辐射源对公众成员产生的照射，不包括任何辐射源对公众成员产生的照射，不包括任何辐射源对公众成员产生的照射，不包括任何辐射源对公众成员产生的照射，不包括任何职业或医疗照射，以及正常地区本底辐射。

职业或医疗照射，以及正常地区本底辐射职业或医疗照射，以及正常地区本底辐射职业或医疗照射，以及正常地区本底辐射 Exposure incurred by members of the public from radiation sources, excluding any Exposure incurred by members of the public from radiation sources, excluding any occupational or medical exposure and the normal local natural background occupational or medical exposure and the normal local natural background radiation.radiation.医疗照射医疗照射医疗照射医疗照射 (Medical exposure)(Medical exposure)•患者因作为他们自己医疗或牙科诊断或治患者因作为他们自己医疗或牙科诊断或治疗的组成部分而受到的照射；除了职业性疗的组成部分而受到的照射；除了职业性受照射人员之外的其他人，这些人对辐射受照射人员之外的其他人，这些人对辐射照射有清楚的了解，在支持和安抚患者方照射有清楚的了解，在支持和安抚患者方面自愿进行帮助时而受到的照射；以及在面自愿进行帮助时而受到的照射；以及在涉及照射的生物医学研究计划中自愿者所涉及照射的生物医学研究计划中自愿者所受到的照射。

受到的照射 Exposure incurred by patients as part of their own medical or dental diagnosis or treatment; by persons, other than those occupationally exposed, knowingly, while voluntarily helping in the support and comfort of patients; and by volunteers in a programme of biomedical research involving their exposure.剂量约束和剂量约束和参考水平层参考水平层次次a a(mSv)(mSv)照射情况特征照射情况特征放射防护要求放射防护要求举例举例大于大于20 20 至至100100b,cb,c受照射个人受到非受照射个人受到非受控源的照射，或受控源的照射，或降低剂量的行动常降低剂量的行动常常是极其复杂的常是极其复杂的通常通过对照射途通常通过对照射途径采取行动来控制径采取行动来控制照射需要考虑减小剂需要考虑减小剂量。

当剂量接近量当剂量接近100 mSv100 mSv时需要更时需要更加尽力减小剂量加尽力减小剂量受照射个人需要受照射个人需要得到辐射危险和得到辐射危险和减小剂量行动方减小剂量行动方面的信息需要面的信息需要进行个人剂量评进行个人剂量评价对辐射应急引起对辐射应急引起的最高计划剩余的最高计划剩余剂量设定参考水剂量设定参考水平大于大于1 1 至至2020受照射个人通常从受照射个人通常从照射情况受益，但照射情况受益，但未必来自照射本身未必来自照射本身可以对源或选择对可以对源或选择对照射途径采取行动照射途径采取行动控制照射控制照射如果可能的话，如果可能的话，受照射个人应该受照射个人应该可以得到基本信可以得到基本信息以便降低他们息以便降低他们所受到的剂量所受到的剂量对于计划情况，对于计划情况，需要进行个人照需要进行个人照射评价与培训射评价与培训对计划情况下的对计划情况下的职业照射设定约职业照射设定约束值为为接受放射性药接受放射性药物治疗患者的抚物治疗患者的抚育者或照顾者设育者或照顾者设定约束值定约束值对室内氡引起的对室内氡引起的最高计划剩余剂最高计划剩余剂量设定参考水平量设定参考水平等于或小于等于或小于1 1受到某个源照射的受到某个源照射的个人很少或不受益，个人很少或不受益，但对整个社会是有但对整个社会是有益的。

益的常常通过对源直接常常通过对源直接采取行动来控制照采取行动来控制照射放射防护要求射放射防护要求可以预先进行计划可以预先进行计划应该可以得到照应该可以得到照射水平的基本信射水平的基本信息关于照射水平，关于照射水平，应当对照射途径应当对照射途径进行定期检查进行定期检查对计划情况下的对计划情况下的公众照射设定约公众照射设定约束值源相关剂量约束和参考水平的框架源相关剂量约束和参考水平的框架所有受控照射情况下占主导作用的单一辐射源对工作人员和公众的剂量约束举例所有受控照射情况下占主导作用的单一辐射源对工作人员和公众的剂量约束举例道德伦理基础道德伦理基础 Moral and Ethical Foundation倫理學倫理學Ethics道德学说道德学说道德学说道德学说Theories on EthicsTheories on Ethics • •目的论伦理观目的论伦理观目的论伦理观目的论伦理观 ( ( ( (后果后果后果后果 ) ) ) ) Teolological ethics (consequences)Teolological ethics (consequences)• •功利主义伦理观功利主义伦理观功利主义伦理观功利主义伦理观 ( ( ( (效用效用效用效用) ) ) ) Utilitarian ethics (effectiveness, utility)Utilitarian ethics (effectiveness, utility)• •义务论伦理学义务论伦理学义务论伦理学义务论伦理学 ( ( ( (个人责任个人责任个人责任个人责任 ) ) ) ) Deontological ethics (personal duty)Deontological ethics (personal duty)• •美德伦理美德伦理美德伦理美德伦理 ( ( ( (道德智慧道德智慧道德智慧道德智慧) ) ) ) Areatic [virtue] ethics (moral wisdom)Areatic [virtue] ethics (moral wisdom)目的论伦理观目的论伦理观目的论伦理观目的论伦理观 ( ( ( (后果后果后果后果 ) ) ) ) Teolological ethics (consequences)Teolological ethics (consequences)• •警句警句警句警句: : : : “ “目的正当手段目的正当手段目的正当手段目的正当手段” ” Epigram: “The ends justify the means”Epigram: “The ends justify the means”功利主义伦理观功利主义伦理观功利主义伦理观功利主义伦理观 ( ( ( (效用效用效用效用) ) ) ) Utilitarian ethics (effectiveness, utility)Utilitarian ethics (effectiveness, utility)• •警句警句警句警句: : : : “ “做最好的来满足多数人做最好的来满足多数人做最好的来满足多数人做最好的来满足多数人” ” Epigram: “Do the best for the majority of people”Epigram: “Do the best for the majority of people”义务论伦理学义务论伦理学义务论伦理学义务论伦理学 ( ( ( (个人责任个人责任个人责任个人责任) ) ) ) Deontological ethics (personal duty)Deontological ethics (personal duty)• •警句警句警句警句: : : : “ “怎样对待别人，怎样对待别人，怎样对待别人，怎样对待别人， 因为他们应该对他们做因为他们应该对他们做因为他们应该对他们做因为他们应该对他们做” ” Epigram: Epigram: “do unto others as they would one should have done unto them”“do unto others as they would one should have done unto them” 美德伦理美德伦理美德伦理美德伦理 ( ( ( (道德智慧道德智慧道德智慧道德智慧) ) ) ) Areatic [virtue] ethics (moral wisdom)Areatic [virtue] ethics (moral wisdom)• •警句警句警句警句: : : : – –“ “有道德的，明智和审的，有道德的，明智和审的，有道德的，明智和审的，有道德的，明智和审的， 始终着眼于人类始终着眼于人类始终着眼于人类始终着眼于人类” ” “be virtuous, wise and prudent, and always aim at humanity”“be virtuous, wise and prudent, and always aim at humanity” – –“ “做什么是诚实做什么是诚实做什么是诚实做什么是诚实/ / / /慈善，慈善，慈善，慈善， 不要做的事情不诚实不要做的事情不诚实不要做的事情不诚实不要做的事情不诚实/ / / /无情无情无情无情” ” Do what is honest/charitable; do not do what is dishonest/uncharitable." Do what is honest/charitable; do not do what is dishonest/uncharitable." 放射防护原则放射防护原则放射防护原则放射防护原则 The principles of radiological protectionThe principles of radiological protection• • 正当性原则正当性原则正当性原则正当性原则 The Principle of JustificationThe Principle of Justification• • 防护最优化原则防护最优化原则防护最优化原则防护最优化原则 The Principle of Optimization of ProtectionThe Principle of Optimization of Protection• • 剂量限值的应用原则剂量限值的应用原则剂量限值的应用原则剂量限值的应用原则 The Principle of Application of Dose LimitsThe Principle of Application of Dose Limits• • 保护当代和后代原则保护当代和后代原则保护当代和后代原则保护当代和后代原则The Principle of Protection of Present and Future GenerationsThe Principle of Protection of Present and Future Generations为什么？为什么？ Why?目的论伦理观目的论伦理观 ( (后果后果 ) ) Teolological ethics (consequences)功利主义伦理观功利主义伦理观 ( (效用效用) )Utilitarian ethics (effectiveness, utility)义务论伦理学义务论伦理学 ( (个人责任个人责任) )Deontological ethics (personal duty)美德伦理美德伦理( (道德智慧道德智慧) )Areatic [virtue] ethics (moral wisdom)道德学说道德学说Theories on Ethics“目的正当手段目的正当手段”Mind the ends, which justify the means “做最好的来满足多数人做最好的来满足多数人”Do the greatest good for the greatest number of people “怎样对待别人，怎样对待别人，因为他们应该对他们做因为他们应该对他们做”Not do unto others what they should not do unto you “有道德的，有道德的，明智和审的，明智和审的， 始终着眼于人类始终着眼于人类” “be virtuous, wise and prudent, and always aim at humanity” 警句警句Aphorisms正当性原则正当性原则 The Principle of Justification防护最优化原则防护最优化原则 The Principle of Optimization of Protection剂量限值的应用原则剂量限值的应用原则 The Principle of Application of Dose Limits保护当代和后代原则保护当代和后代原则The Principle of Protection of Present and Future Generations放射防护原则放射防护原则 The principles of radiological protectionJustification=TeleologyOptimization=UtilityLimitation=Deontology保护未来保护未来 Protecting the future环境保护环境保护 Protection of the environment=有道德的有道德的Be virtuous辐射防护伦理辐射防护伦理 Radiation Protection Ethics谢谢！谢谢！谢谢！谢谢！ Thank you!Thank you!。