激光光谱领域的诺贝尔奖.ppt

激光光谱领域的诺贝尔奖 得主及其贡献 Nobel Laureates Referred to Laser Spectroscopy and Their Contributions 激光光谱研究室武寄洲 贾锁堂量子光学与光量子器件国家重点实验室量子光学与光量子器件国家重点实验室激光光谱研究室The two faces of light What is light actually? Is it a surging, colourful wave movement or is it a rushing stream of particles? Most of us would like it to be one or the other, but nature is more ingenious -light is in fact both waves and particles.Max Planck: October 19, 1900vInterpolation formula for thermal radiation distribution –a brilliant success • Model: Ensemble of 1-dimensional charged harmonic oscillators exchanging energy with radiation field–reached “correct” equilibrium distribution only if oscillator energy states were discreteDecember 14, 1900:He noted in later studies –-Momentum of Quantum (1909)-New Derivation of Planck’s law (1916)A = Spontaneous radiation probabilityB = Induced radiation rateAlbert Einstein:1905 Found two suggestions that light is quantizedv- Structure of Planck’s entropy for high frequenciesv- The photoelectric effect Compton effect: 1923Completed picture of particle-like behavior of quanta-soon known as photons(1926)Wave-particle duality extended to matterWith every matter particle of mass M and velocity v is associated a wave with a wavelength given by :Louis de Broglie 1924The state of a matter particle is described by a wave function obeying the Schrödinger equationL. de Broglie, W. Heisenberg, E. Schrödinger:1924-26-told all about atomsBut radiation theory was still semi-classical until P. Dirac devised Quantum Electrodynamics in 1927Elementary interaction processes between atoms and photonsSpontaneous emission of a photonRadiative lifetime of e, on the order of 10-8sAn atom does not remain indefinitely in the excited state e. After a finite time , it falls back to the ground state g by spontaneously emitting a photon in all possible directions.A photon with energy impinging on an atom in the excited state e stimulates this atom to emit a photon exactly identical to the impinging photon (same energy, same direction of propagation, same phase, same polarization) Stimulated emission of a photon (Einstein 1917)i.e. Coherence—— The distinction between Stimulated emission and Spontaneous emissionThe Nobel Prize in Physics1964 Charles Hard TownesCharles Hard Townes MITCambridge,Massachusetts,USANicolay Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Gennadiyevich Basov P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, USSR AleksandrAleksandrMikhailovich Mikhailovich Prokhorov Prokhorov P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, USSR for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle. Charles Hard Charles Hard TownesTownes MITCambridge,Massachusetts,USAProfessor Charles Hard Townes是激光(laser light)的发明者 .1915年7月28日,汤斯生于美国南科罗拉多州的Greenville1935年,他获富尔曼大(Furman University)以最高荣誉颁授 的物理学学士及现代语言文学士两个学位1936及1939年获杜克大学(Duke University)颁授物理学硕士 及加州理工学院(California Institute of Technology)颁授哲学博 士学位.汤斯教授曾于1933至1947年间在贝尔实验室(Bell Lab)工 作. 翌年,他转到哥伦比亚大学(Columbia University)当教授. 1951年,汤斯正式开展有关激光的研究工作.该年,汤斯教授的 研究小组着手设计一种以氨气作为放大媒质的仪器;并于1954 年成功研制成第一台微波激射放大器,称为Maser (Microwave Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation).1958年,汤斯教授和肖洛博士(Arthur. L. Schawlow)在理论上 证明Maser在可见光和红外线的范围亦可运作,并共同发表论文 论述可见光和红外线激射放大器,亦即Laser (Light Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation).汤斯教授现在于加州大学柏克莱分校从事多方面的研究,其中 包括应用干涉技术来进行中红外波段的高角解像度天文学,身兼 美国太空总处载人飞行科学及技术顾问会的主席及美国物理学 会的副会长,同时亦是多个学术组织的会员.Nicolay Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Gennadiyevich Basov P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, USSR 巴索夫（Basov，Nikolay Gennadiyevich，1922~） 前苏联物理学家，因对量子电子学的研究，导致微波激 射器和激光器的发展，与普罗霍罗夫和美国的汤斯共获 1964年诺贝尔物理学奖金。

他生于前苏联的沃罗涅 日，毕业于莫斯科工程物理学院，获前苏联科学院列别 捷夫物理研究所博士学位从1950年起一直在前苏联 科学院列别捷夫物理研究所工作1954年他与普罗霍 罗夫合作，制出一台氨分子束量子振荡器他提出建立不平衡量子系统的三能级方法，这种方法可放大 激发辐射这个方法立即被广泛应用于无线电光波段的量子振 荡器和放大器上这些器件分别产生单色、平行、相干的微波 束和光束1958年，巴索夫又提出利用半导体制造激光器的可 能性，后来在1960~1965年间，实现了p-n结、电子束和光泵 激发各种类型的激光器1968年，巴索夫还利用大功率激光器 产生了热核反应AleksandrAleksandrMikhailovich Mikhailovich Prokhorov Prokhorov P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute Moscow, USSR 普罗霍罗夫(Prokhorov Aleksandr Mikhaylovich,1916)澳大利亚-前苏联物理学家，因对量子电子学的基本研究导 致微波激射器和激光器的发展，获1964年诺贝尔物理学奖金。

他生于澳大利亚阿特顿，毕业于列宁格勒大学，获莫斯科列别 捷夫物理研究所博士学位，并任该所高级研究员1953年和巴 索夫共同提出放大并发射同相位、同波长的平行电磁波的微波 激射器原理，并制成小巧的红宝石激光器，它发出的一束明亮 的红色光，其纯净、单色性、相干性和高强度都十分理想Thermodynamic equilibrium In an ensemble of atoms in equilibrium, a lower lever E1is always more populated than an upper level E2.Amplification of lightPopulation inversionNon equilibrium situation where an upper level E2 is more populated than a lower level E1. If a light beam with frequency ν passes through a medium where populations are inverted, the new photons which appear by induced emission are in a greater number than the photons which disappear by absorption. After passing through an aperture and a magnetic field, many of the atoms in the beam are left in the upper energy level of th。