第24讲主谓一致.doc

第24讲 主谓一致［复习要点］主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持数的一致关系一般来说，主语的数的形式决定着谓语动词采用何种相应的形式现代语法认为，处理主谓一致要遵循三条原则：语法一致的原则、意义一致的原则、就近一致的原则24.1 语法一致的原则语法一致的原则就是指主语和谓语动词保持语法形式上的一致，即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也采用复数形式⑴ 单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句用作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式主语为复数名词或代词时，谓语动词用复数形式例如：His father works for a computer company. 他的父亲在一家电脑公司工作To learn a foreign language well is not easy. 学好一门外语不容易Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. 在阳光下看书对眼睛有害What he said is very important for us all. 他所说的话对我们大家都很重要⑵ 由连词and或both… and连接的并列主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。

例如：New York and Boston are American cities. 纽约和波士顿是美国城市Both she and her sister like drawing pictures. 她和她的姐姐都喜欢画画⑶ 由“a… and a half, more than one ＋名词”构成的主语，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词要用单数形式例如：A month and a half has passed since I saw him. 自从我见到他，已经过去一个半月了More than one person here is going to find a new job. 这里不止一人准备找新工作⑷ 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；如果主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式例如：Mr Green, together with his wife, has come to China.格林先生和她的夫人一道来到了中国A woman with a baby was waiting at the bus stop. 一个带着孩子的妇女在车站等车。

The students as well as their teacher were playing a game on the playground. 学生们正和他们的老师一起在操场上做游戏No one except the teachers knows the answer. 除了老师没有人知道答案She, like you and Tom, is very tall. 她跟你和汤姆一样个子都很高⑸ 主语为表示两部分构成的物体的名词（如：glasses, jeans, pants, scissors, trousers等）时，谓语动词用复数形式但如果它们前面用了a pair of，谓语动词的数取决于pair的单复数形式例如：My blue trousers have worn out. 我的蓝裤子已经穿破了This pair of scissors is China-made. 这把剪刀是中国制造的Here are some new pairs of shoes. 这里有几双新鞋⑹ 主语为“the number of ＋复数名词”时，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为“a number of ＋复数名词”时，谓语动词用复数形式。

例如：The number of cars is increasing. 汽车的数目正在增长There were a number of people out this afternoon. 今天下午有很多人外出A great number of migrant workers have entered the city. 大批的民工涌入了城市⑺ each或由some, any, every, no构成的复合代词用作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式例如：Each of us has a new dictionary. 我们每一个人都有一本新词典Somebody is looking for you. 有人在找你Everybody is doing his best. 人人都在尽力而为There’s nothing interesting in the newspaper. 报纸上没有什么有趣的新闻I can’t find my pen – has anyone seen it? 我的笔找不到了——有谁看见了吗？⑻ either, neither用作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数但是，如果后接“of ＋复数名词或代词”时，谓语动词用单复数均可。

例如：Either is acceptable. 两者中哪一个都能接受Neither of us was having any luck. 我们两个都不走运Neither of the sisters were alive. ［非正式］两姐妹都不在人世了⑼ 在定语从句中，关系代词that, who, which等用作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与先行词的数一致例如： This is the man who wants to see you. 这就是想要见你的人The girls who are coming soon are my students. 快要到来的那些女孩是我的学生⑽ 由what引导的主语从句，主句谓语动词一般用单数形式但如果表示复数意义，主句谓语动词则用复数形式例如：What we need now is time. 我们现在需要的就是时间What he left me are only some old books. 他留给我的只是几本旧书24.2 意义一致的原则我们知道，有时主语形式为单数，但意义却为复数；有时主语形式为复数，但意义却为单数这时，就要采用意义一致的原则，即谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致。

⑴ 由and 所连接的并列主语如果是指一个人或一种事物时，其后的谓语动词就用单数形式例如：The writer and artist has come. 那位作家兼艺术家来了There is a knife and fork on the table. 餐桌上有一副刀叉Fish and chips is a popular food. 炸鱼土豆片是一种很受欢迎的食物Five and five makes ten. (or: … make ten.) 五加五等于十⑵ 由“each A and each B”或“every A and every B”构成的并列主语，其后的谓语动词要用单数形式有时，可以省去第二个each或every例如：Every hour and every minute is important. 每一小时和每一分钟都是宝贵的Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每一个男女都被要求给予帮助⑶ 表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等名词的复数形式用作主语时，通常作为整体看待，谓语动词要用单数形式例如：Three days is too long for us to wait. 要我们等三天，时间太长了。

A hundred miles is a long distance. 一百英里是一段很长的距离Ten thousand dollars is cheap enough for that house. 一万美金买那所房子是够便宜的⑷ 有些形式为单数、意义为复数的名词（如：people, police, staff等）用作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式例如：There were many people at the meeting. 许多人参加了会议The police have caught the thief. 警方抓住了那个盗贼⑸ 集体名词（如：class, family, group, team, crowd等）用作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于集体名词的意义当集体名词指整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；当集体名词指其中的个体时，谓语动词用复数形式例如：The class is the best one in the grade. 这个班级是年级中最好的班级The whole class are listening to the teacher carefully. 全班学生正在认真地听老师讲课。

Almost every family there owns a motorcar. 那里几乎每家都拥有一辆摩托车All my family enjoy the life in the country. 我的全家人都喜欢乡下的生活Before the match our team was expected to be the best one.比赛前，我们球队被认为是最好的The team are driving to the game in their own cars. 全队人开着自己的车去比赛⑹ none用作主语时，谓语动词多用复数形式；作为单数看待时，谓语动词用单数形式例如：None of the suggestions was accepted. 这些建议中没有一条被采纳None of the children in the class are tired of his lesson. 班上没有学生对他的课感到厌烦⑺ some, any, all, more, most等代词作主语时，谓语动词要与它们所指代的名词的数一致例如：Some (of the apples) remain green. 有些苹果还是绿的。

Some (of the fish) went bad. 有些鱼发臭了All was quiet in the street. 街上一切平静All (of the people) have gone. 所有的人都走了24.3 就近一致的原则就近一致的原则就是指谓语动词的数与并列主语中最靠近它的那个主语保持一致⑴ There be 句型和Here be中的be的单复数形式取决于其后的主语，如果其后是由and连接的并列主语，则应与最靠近的那个主语保持一致例如：There is a table and four chairs in the room. 房间里有一张餐桌和四把椅子Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.这里有支笔、几个信封和一些纸给你⑵ 当两个主语由 or, either… or, neither… nor, not only… but also, whether… or连接时，谓语动词和最靠近的主语保持一致例如：No food or water is allowed to take with. 不准带食物和。