2021年新版专四语法总结.doc

专四必备语法I． 基本句型和句式剖析1. 简朴句/并列句/复合句2. 五种基本句型3. 统辖与约束：用这个办法分析更以便，特别是并列和修饰关系，可以更好讲清晰①. My whole life，brief as it was，had been spent in that big old house，gracefully touched with the laughter and tears of four generations.分清主干my whole life had been spent和修饰关系 gracefully touched with the laughter and tears of four generations 非限制性是定语从句，修饰that big old house②. I see such a difference in New York City，for example，from when I first moved here more than 20 years ago：people rushing into elevators without giving those inside a chance to get off first，never saying “Thank you.” when others hold a door open for them，or “Please.” when they want a coworker to hand them something，never giving a wave or nod of appreciation when another motorist lets them pull out into traffic.分清层次 never 与never 并列，saying 宾语有两个，由or连接，而people统辖内容有三个rushing into…，never saying…，never giving…，并与此三个某些构成动名词复合构造，相称于说I saw a scene of people rushing…③. It adds priceless panache (n.) to your understanding of the way people behave.注意add sth. to 分割状况II. 词法某些1． 名词与代词1） 不可数名词量化表达修饰可数名词复数：many，a good/great many，a good/great/large number of修饰不可数名词：much，a great deal of，a large amount of两者都可修饰：a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a great/large quantity of，quantities of，a large sum of 2）在汉语中可数，但在英语中为不可数名词某些词advice，baggage (luggage)，damage，equipment，furniture，homework，information，news ... 3) 与所指代名词在性、数、格上与否一致如：Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm，and eventually he may get a serious disease from its effect.It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.  4) that，one指代作用that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词(如是复数，用those)，背面普通跟有修饰语，如出当前比较构造中that of。

如：Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener，and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.No bread eaten by man is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. one指代不确指单数可数名词，复数为onesthe one 指代确指单数可数名词如：A good writer is one who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way. 合成不定代词习惯用语 5) –thing代词something of 若干、多少、有些anything but 并不，主线不nothing but 只但是，只有something like 有点像or something 类似Mr. Smith is an engineer or something.She is nothing but a dancer.He was anything but pleased when he heard this.No one vs. none6）no one只能指人，none可用于指人或物。

no one＝nobody，语调比none强，背面不接of构成短语；none普通与of连用作主语no one作主语时，谓语动词用单数；none后接不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词单复数均可No one was in the classroom.None of the money on the desk is mine.None of us speaks / speak Japanese.用于简短回答时，none用来回答how many或how much问句；no one或nobody用来回答who问句；而nothing则用来回答what问句；– How many fish did you catch? – None. – How much water is there in the bottle?– None.– Who will go to the party? – No one. / Nobody.– What’s in your hand? – Nothing.2．冠词 1）定冠词 theMan is the only animal that can talk.She is the prettier of the two.They are paid by the month.He grabbed me by the arm and pulled me onto the bus.The rich are not always happier than the poor.The beautiful lives forever.the + 最高档/序数词/only/same + 名词the + 比较级 + of the twoby the + 计量单位 （“按；以……计”）the + 身体部位 （表达身体某部位接受外来动作）the + 形容词 = 复数普通名词 / 抽象名词3．介词 1）“排除”表达法besides = in addition toexcept = but = other thanexcept for 表达不同项目类别对比和限制 You composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. The movie was good except for the ending.except that 后接从句，“除…之外” I know nothing about his career except that he is a graduate of this school.apart from = aside from (AmE) 有时=besides，有时=except (for)此外，but for “若不是，要不是”，普通使用虚拟语调，与“排除”无关 2）固定搭配to sb’s advantage 对某人有利find fault with sb. 挑某人刺，找某人碴儿put emphasis on 把重点放在compensation for 对于……补偿be particular about 对……挑剔，过度讲究be popular with 受……欢迎in the light of 依照、按照with the exception of 除……以外by virtue of 由于、依托regardless of 不论、不顾4．形容词1) 修饰词词序“限定词+形容词+名词”词组中限定词+形容词排列顺序。

限定词 + 普通描述性形容词 + 表达大小、形状形容词 + 表达年龄、新旧形容词 + 表达颜色形容词 + 表达国籍、地区、出处形容词 + 表达物质材料形容词 + 表达用途、类别形容词或名词Examples When she got her first month salary，Diana bought herself ___ dress.A. a cotton，blue expensiveB. a blue，expensive cottonC. an expensive blue，cottonD. a cotton，expensive blue2) 用连字号构成形容词中名词普通不用复数形式A three-day journey=a three days’ journey A two-hour meeting=a two hours’ meeting3) Daily，weekly，yearly，monthly等某些以ly结尾词即可以是形容词也可是副词A daily newspaperGo to visit a place weeklyYearly production (annual)Change yearlyAt a monthly intervalGo to see a doctor/ a dentist monthly4) fast、long、well、enough等某些形容词自身也可以做副词用，不能再加ly。

The train is fast.The train runs fast.There is enough water.He is old enough to go to school.5) late，lately；hard，hardly有些形容词加ly后意义不同，发生变化(late，lately；hard，hardly等)Sorry I am late. I haven’t seen him lately.It is hard to predict what will happen in the future.If you work hard，chances are。