秦简《为吏之道》法律思想研究.pdf

I 摘摘 要要 《为吏之道》是 1975 年在湖北云梦睡虎地出土秦简的一部分，简文所阐述 的主要内容是从政任官的道理，它要求官吏忠君爱国，安抚百姓，守法廉洁， 负责高效体现了“明主治吏不治民”的法家思想从其思想实质分析，本文 认为它是秦统治阶级对官吏提出的政治道德宣言 近年来学界多从思想文化史的角度来研究《为吏之道》的，笔者在吸收借 鉴学界关于《为吏之道》研究成果的基础上，从法律思想的角度对其进行分析 探讨本文从以下四个方面着手对《为吏之道》的文本及其法律思想进行研究 首先，在对《为吏之道》文本进行初步梳理的基础上，据此推断简文的内 容应该是取材于多篇文论杂抄而成，其成书年代应该是在秦孝文王或庄襄王时 代至秦统一战争结束前的这一时期 其次，将《为吏之道》简文的内容分成九个部分进行探讨，即“为吏之道 总则篇” ； “五善五失篇” ； “勉励篇” ； “除害兴利篇” ； “驭民篇” ； “警示篇” ； “治 事篇” ； “魏律二则” ； “口舌篇” 本文分析认为， 《为吏之道》是以法家思想为 主线而间或儒家、道家、墨家等诸家思想的作品 其三，进而，笔者对《为吏之道》法律思想的内容进行了概括总结，指出 《为吏之道》法律思想集中体现了以下几个特点：在政治原则上，秦统治者要 求官吏必须忠君爱国，维护君主专制；在政务作风上，必须严格执法，提高行 政效率；在道德品行上，做到尚贤使能，廉洁公正；在治国理政上，能兼容法 儒道墨，综合为治。

最后，总结全文对《为吏之道》法律思想进行评析笔者认为《为吏之道》 法律思想的积极意义在于：严明法度，以法治吏，国运强盛；治国必先治吏， 治吏必重修身；为吏者应该恪尽职守，注重实绩，善于权衡；人才须历练，制 度为保障在今天的社会主义法治建设中也具有积极的借鉴作用同时笔者也 指出， 《为吏之道》文本中所宣扬的封建专制集权思想及绝对“忠君”思想； “严 刑峻罚” 、 “罚重于赏”的极端法治思想；墨守陈规、机械执法的僵化思想；善 弄权术、处世圆滑的官场流弊思想等都是消极不可取的，是应该批判的对此， 我们应该有个清醒的正确认识 II 关键词：关键词：秦简 《为吏之道》 法律思想 III Abstract “The way of being an official” is part of the bamboo scrolls unearthed at Shuihudi in Yunmeng, Hubei in 1975.“ It’s mostly about in what ways the administration could be well governed and how to be a good governor, in which officials were required to be loyal to the emperor, be kind to the citizens, be law-abiding and honest, be responsible and efficient. These scrolls was embodied by the thought of Legalists that “well-respected emperors are those who govern the governors not the masses”. This article argues that this is the political and ethical manifesto summoned by the ruling class of Qin Dynasty to those central and local governors. Academic field has done much research on the “The way of being an official” from the point of view of cultural history in recent years. Based on those researches, this article went on an analysis and argument from the point of legal thinking which is made up of four parts. First of all, this article inferred that the scrolls were a collection of several essays and were written at the reign of Xiaowen Emperor of Qin or between Zhuangxiang Emperor of Qin and the end of reunification war started by Qin according to the original text of the scrolls. Secondly , the article made an exploration of the scrolls in nine sections. These nine sections are“General Rules of How to Be a GoodGovernor”,“Five Righteousness and Five Misdeeds”,“Encouraging Papers”,“Benefit-Raising Papers”, “Ruling People Papers”,“Warning Papers”,“Doing Things Papers”， “Two Wei Laws”， “Part of words”. The author believed that the scrolls was one focus on the thought of Legalists with some papers of the thinking of Confucianism, Taoism and Mohist Thinking. Third, the author made a summary of the legal thought of “The way of being an official”, pointing out these following characteristics: governors and politicians must be loyal to the emperor and the state, follow the absolute monarchy which were required by then rulers as the political principle; strict laws must be enforced stringently and administrative efficiency must be improved; honest and able man should be elected and promoted as the ethical principle; different thoughts should be tolerated and be state affairs should be run in reference to all these thoughts. IV Finally, the article gave an extensive analysis and judgement of the scrolls. The author the positive part of it lies in the significance of the laws and law enforcement, govern the governors and officials by laws. Self-cultivation comes first than being governed by others for the governors, and governed governors comes first than governing the state. The governors should be responsible for their positions and highlight the real performance while skilled at balancing different interests. Talents needs to go through a lot before being exceptional and the good rules are the backbone of this process. And this also can be made into reference in the building of the society ruled by law. At the same time, the author also pointed out that the feudal autocratic centralization and the thought of being absolute loyal to the emperor were against the social trends. The manipulation of power and the hypocritical thought in the political field were undesirable and should be criticized. we should be very clear in regarding of this. Key words: Qin bamboo scrolls；The Way of Being an Official；Legal Thought 目目 录录 摘摘 要要.Ⅰ AbstractAbstractⅢ 引言引言„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„1 一一 秦简《为吏之道》文本的初步梳理秦简《为吏之道》文本的初步梳理 . 5 （一） 《为吏之道》文本的杂抄特征及成书时代 . 5 （二）关于《为吏之道》的文本划分 6 二、 《为吏之道》法律思想内容二、 《为吏之道》法律思想内容 . 10 （一） 总则篇 10 （二） 善失篇 12 （三） 勉励篇 14 （四） 除害兴利篇 17 （五） 驭民篇 19 （六） 警示篇 22 （七） 治事篇 23 （八） 魏律两则 25 （九） 口舌篇 27 三、 《为吏之道》法律思想特点三、 《为吏之道》法律思想特点 . 30 （一） 、忠君爱国，维护君主专制 31 （二） 、执法严明，追求行政高效 32 （三） 、尚贤任能，廉洁公正 34 （四） 、法儒道墨，综合为治 36 四、 《为吏之道》法律思想评价四、 《为吏之道》法律思想评价 . 41 （一） 《为吏之道》法律思想积极意义 41 （二） 《为吏之道》法律思想的历史局限性 48 结结 语语 52 参考文献参考文献 55 致致 谢谢„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„ 58 攻读硕士攻读硕士学位学位期间发表的期间发表的学术学术论文论文目录目录„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„60 引言 1 引引 言言 一九七五年十二月，考古队在湖北云梦睡虎地发掘了十二座战国至秦代的 墓葬，其中十一号墓出土大量秦代竹简。

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