2023年华科大考博英语写作学生用.doc

考 博 作 文考博英语考试大纲实际英语应用能力是否达成非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲中《硕士研究生英语教学与考试》规定的规定考试成绩用于博士研究生的入学选拔一、考试设计本考试共分为四部分：完形填空（10％）、阅读理解（40％）、英汉互译（30％）和英语写作（20％）1.完形填空（10％） 语言知识及综合运用能力测试内容涉及词汇的认知能力、搭配知识的掌握，句法结构的理解和篇章阅读、分析能力使短文的内容和结构完整合理2.阅读理解（40％）阅读获取信息的能力，即对阅读材料的细节、事实、要点、作者观点和态度的理解能力题材涉及社会、文化、史地、科普及人物传记等内容，体裁涉及叙事、议论、描述、说明和应用文等3.英汉互译（30％） 原文内容涉及社会、文化、史地和科普知识.准确地翻译成通顺4.英语写作（20％） 书面表达能力规定考生根据给出的题目和提纲，或者根据情景或图表自拟题目，约200单词的短文规定作文切题、意义连贯、文字通顺，并符合英文表达习惯写作评分标准说明写作测试总分为20分，评分标准采用6个档次计分方法，即从内容和语言表达进行全文总体评分具体如下：17~20分内容切题，清楚表达其内涵；文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词对的。

文章长度符合规定13~16分内容切题，比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误文章长度符合规定9~12分内容切题，基本清楚地表达其内涵，句子结构和用词有少量错误文章长度符合规定5~8分内容基本切题，语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和用词错误文章长度基本符合规定1~4分基本按规定写作，但只有少数句子可理解0分文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解写作知识及技巧A．抱负的段落规定是什么?1）主题 （Topic）2）统一 （Unity）3）连贯 （Coherence）4）清楚 （Clarity）5）完整 （Completeness）6) 多样化 （Variety）7) 有效性 （Effectiveness）B．写作技巧（Methods of Paragraph Development）1) Description2) Exemplification / Illustration3) Definition4) Classification5) Cause and Effect6) Comparison and Contrast7) Listing8) Progression C. Pre-writing skills1) Free-writingSome people simply need to start writing to find a focus. Take out several sheets of blank paper, give yourself at least ten to fifteen minutes, and begin writing whatever comes to mind on your subject. Don’t change, correct, or delete anything. If you run out of things to say , write “I can’t think of anything to say” until you can find a new thought. At the end of the time period you may discover that by continuously writing you will have written yourself into an interesting topic.2) BrainstormingBrainstorming is a prewriting activity in which two or more people get together to exchange ideas on a given topic. During the brainstorming, there is usually one person who takes notes as others are engaged in conversation.Brainstorming can be done alone if no other person is available for discussion. In this case, a person makes free associations around the given topic, i.e. makes a random list of ideas associated with the topic as they speed through his mind.In many ways brainstorming is very similar to free-writing because both enable writers to explore what they truly feel about a topic. However, when several people come together to do brainstorming, ideas often come out much faster than any pen can write, so the notes taken or the list made can only be very sketchy. The note-taker may only have time to jot down single words or phrases summarizing facts, statistics, episodes, descriptions, feelings, attitudes and opinions related to the subject. For example, the following list is the outcome of a brainstorming session that discusses China’s educational system:D. How to achieve coherenceIn order to have coherence in writing an argumentative essay, the movement from one sentence to the next must be logical and smooth. There must be NO sudden jumps. Since this coherence does not occur naturally, you should take pains to establish it. One of the main ways to achieve coherence is to use transition signals to show how one idea is related to the next. The following are the most common transition signals grouped according to the kinds of connections they establish.1) Introducing an additional point or idea (递进)2) Introducing an opposite point or idea (转折)3) Moving from general to specific (演绎)4) Emphasizing a point (强调)5) Restating a point (重述)6) Showing sequence (顺序)7) Showing cause and effect (因果)8) Showing connections in time (时间连接)9) Introducing a conclusion or summary (结论)E．分析作文写作对策² 重点放在三段式的写作（1） 文章开头（2） 扩展段写法（3） 文章结尾1） 开篇的写法写好文章或段落的开头很重要。

一般来讲， 文章开头既要写出文章的主题，又要可以引起读者阅读的爱好不同的文章开头的方式不同， 常见的有以下八种：引语法(Quotation)、设问法(Questions)、数据法(Figures and statistics)、背景法(Relevant background information)、定义法(Definition)、主题句法(Topic sentence)、现象法 （phenomenon）1）引语法（Quotation）：指通过在开头段引用一些与主题相关的名人名言、成语或谚语等来开始一篇文章引语法可应用于各种文体2）提问法（Questions）: 只用提出问题的方法来引出文章的主题，以激起读者的爱好设问法可用于各种文体² 问句开头，激发爱好（3）数据法(Figures and statistics)数据法就是用数字或数据开头来引出文章的主题数据法多用于描写文、说明文和议论文4）定义法（Definition)（5）主题句法（Topic sentence) （6）现象法² 列出现象或背景--Nowadays more and more people are showing their concern over…--With the advent of the new phase of knowledge economy, the terms “…” “…” and “…” have already begun to creep into the popular vocabulary. No one can deny the fact that …--Recently the issue of …has aroused wide concernl -- Nowadays there is a growing concern over the issue/problem…l -- In recent years, many…have been faced/confronted with the problem …l -- One of the most popular topics people often talk about today is…l -- With the (rapid) development of the society/science and technology, more and more …l -- With the improvement of people’s living condition/standard, more and more…2）扩展段的写法扩展段是一篇文章的主体段。

文章的主题在扩展段展开，常用的展开段落的方法有下面九种：列举法（Listing）举例说明法（Examples）因果关系法（Cause and effect）定义法（Definit。