语法一(简单句并列句定语从句)(.doc

1简单句、并列句和复合句一、简单句当一个句子只包含一个主谓结构时称为简单句简单句大体上可以分为下面五种类型：1．主语＋谓语The plane has landed.He sat down beside me.2．主语＋系动词＋表语表语可以是形容词、名词、代词、副词、分词、不定式、介词短语、从句等The medicine tastes horrible.3．主语＋谓语＋宾语Who can answer this question?Lots of people are applying for the job.4．主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语My uncle gave me a ticket.I showed my passport to one of the immigration officers.从以上例句可见，短的间接宾语(如 me，them ，Jane)都放在前面，较长的都放到后面至于加 to 还是 for 要根据动词决定5．主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语宾语和补语一起构成复合宾语补语的作用就是为宾语补充一些重要的信息资料They appointed him managing director.在以上五类句子中，有些句子，如祈使句，主语一般省略掉。

Show me your passport.二、并列句并列句的两部分可用分号(； )连接It was getting late；she had to hurry to the station.但更多的并列句都包含一个并列连词，把两部分连接起来，这两部分可称为分句，也可称为并列分句英语中的并列连词有：and, but, for, or, so, yet, nor，not only...but(also)，either...or，neither...nor 等，由它们连接并列分句He shook his head，for he thought differently.三、复合句包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词或关系代词引导从句分为定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship encouraged us all greatly.A man who doesn’t learn from others can’t achieve much.The film had begun when we got to the cinema.1．I refuse to accept the blame for something ________was someone else’s fault.A．who B．that C．as D．what2．Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel，David Copperfield，was ______it was rather closely modeled on his own life.A．what B．that C．why D．whether3．—I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.—That’s ________I don’t agree. You should have a more active life.A．where B．how C．when D．what4．In China， the number of cities is increasing ___development is recognized across the world. A．where B．which C．whose D．that5．The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people，many of ________left their village homes for a better life in the city.A．whom B．which C．them D．those21．________ scientists know where a storm will happen，winds will suddenly change， carrying the storm to a new direction.A．Even if B. Since C．Despite D．Unless2．Is ________ 48 hours ________ the man­made satellite ________ is made in our country to orbit the planet around?A．it；that；where B．it；when；thatC．it for；that it takes；that D．it；that it takes；which3．In a sports team each player has a clear role，and there are few occasions ________ members are confused or uncertain of their roles.A．which B．that C．when D．how4．Can you give me a case ________ this phrase can be used?A．when B．that C．where D．which5．It is a good idea to ask for a map at the information center，________ may prove to be very useful before you start your tour of the museum.A．where B．which C．who D．that6．The engineers made two big plans for the dam，______ was never put in force.A．one of them B．whichC．one of which D．every one of which7．—Which can I take，Mr.Smith?—Take ________ one you like and leave the others for ________ comes late.A．whoever；who B．whichever；whoC．whatever ；whom D．whichever ；whoever8．It is reported that the medical team has already reached ________ is regarded as the most dangerous area.A．where B．which C．what D．as9．Please do me a favor—________ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7∶30 tonight.A．to invite B．inviting C．invite D．invited10．—What do you think of teaching ，Bob?—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ________ you are doing something serious but interesting.A．where B．which C．when D．that定语从句一、关系代词的用法1．that 和 which 的用法(1)限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词 that 的情况：①当先行词是不定代词all， much，little，something ，everything，anything，nothing ，none，the one 时。

You should hand in all that you have.②当先行词前面被 the only，the very，any，few，little，no，all 等词修饰时This is the only thing that has been tried.③当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时This is the best that has been used against pollution.④当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.⑤当先行词既有人又有物时Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?⑥当主句的主语是疑问词 who 或 which 时Which is the bike that you lost?⑦有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用 which，另外一个宜用 thatThey secretly built up a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution.3⑧当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.(2)定语从句中必须用 which 的情况：①在非限制性定语从句中，只用 which，不用 thatHelen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others，which，of course，made the others envy him.②当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用 which，不用 thatThis is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.2． “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用 which(指物) 或 whom(指人)，即：介词＋which/whomThey may start as a group of high­school students，for whom practising their music in someone’s house is the first step to fame.He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tall apple tree.3．as 和 which 的区别(1)as 引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。

相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.(2)当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用 asAs is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.(3)当定语从句放在主句后面时，也并不是 as 就永远等于 which①当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时，只能用 whichHe came here。