
专业英语备课笔记1.doc
47页English inArchitecture and ConstructionWang Yong-guangInstitute of EnvironmentalScience and EngineeringYang Zhou University2004.08.081UNIT ONEText History of Water Supply[1] Man’s search for pure water began in prehistoric times. 人类在史前时期就开始寻求洁净的水 Much of his earliest activity is subject to speculation. 人类最早的许多活动是不难推测的 Some individuals might have led water where they wanted it through trenches dug in the earth. 一些人可能在地上挖沟,把水引到所需要的地方 Later, a hollow log was perhaps used as the first water pipe. 后来,空心圆木可能作为最初的水管得到使用。
·subject to 服从……指挥,视……而定,以……为条件,常遭…… ·speculation [spekju´lei∫ən] n. 推测,思索,投机(买卖)on speculation 冒险地,投机地·trench [trent∫] n. 深沟,地沟,[军军]堑沟,壕沟vt. 切开,挖(战壕于……) ,用壕沟防御vi. 挖战壕,侵犯,侵占(他人土地、权利、时间等) ,接近,近乎in the trenches 在第一线,在现场trench on (或 upon) 侵犯,侵占,近乎,接近 [2] Thousands of years must have passed before our more recent ancestors learned to build cities and enjoy the convenience of water piped to the home and drains for water-carried wastes.一定是在数千年后,我们更近代的祖先才学会建设城市,享受到管道供水进家和下水道 泄水排污的便利。
Our earliest archeological records of central water supply and wastewater disposal date back about 5000 years, to Nippur of Sumeria.有关集中给水排水设施的最早考古记录可上溯至约五千年前的苏米里亚德尼波城In the ruins of Nippur there is an arched drain with the stones set in full “voussoir” position, each stone being a wedge tapering downward into place.在尼波城的废墟中有一拱顶下水道,其楔形石块尖头向下,被砌成完美的拱形Water was drawn from wells and cisterns.水由井和蓄水池汲入An extensive system of drainage conveyed the wastes from the palaces and residential districts of the city.完善的排水系统排除来自该城王宫和居民区的废水。
·archeological[˛a:ki´ ləd ikəl] a. 考古学的(=archaeological)·water supply and wastewater disposal 给水排水设施water supply and sewerage engineering 给水排水工程·Nippur of Sumeria 古巴比伦南部地区的一个古城·arch[a:t∫] n. 拱形结构,拱(门) ,弓形,半圆形,弓状物,牌楼vt. 用拱连接,盖以拱顶,使弯成弓形,使弯曲vi. 成为弓形,拱起,以拱跨越(或横越)arch[a:t∫] a. 主要的,总的,伶俐的,狡猾的,调皮的an arch look 一幅调皮相arch- [前缀]表示“主要的” , “总的” , “最重要的” (archbishop n. 大主教)2-arch [构成名词的后缀]表示“统治者” (matriarch n. 女家长)·voussoir[vu:swa:] n. [建建](拱)楔块, (楔形)拱石·wedge[wed ] n. 楔(状物) ,起因,引起渐变、分裂等的行动或过程,坡跟鞋vt. 楔入,分裂,挤进,挤满vi. 楔入,挤进drive a wedge into (或 between) 在……打进一个楔子,分裂……,造成……的不 和·taper[´teipə] n. 蜡烛,微光, (形体、力量等的)逐渐减弱,锥形(物) ,锥体a. 一头逐渐变细的,长而尖细的v. 使逐渐变小(细)taper down 削减,减少taper off (使)一头逐渐变细, (使)逐渐减少,逐渐停止·cistern[´sistən] n.蓄水池,贮水器 [3] The earliest recorded knowledge of water treatment is in the Sanskrit medical lore and Egyptian Wall inscriptions.最早关于水处理知识的记载现保留在梵文医学典籍和埃及壁刻中。
Sanskrit writings dating about 2000 B.C. tell how to purity foul water by boiling in copper vessels, exposing to sunlight, filering through charcoal, and cooling in an earthen vessel.约公元前 2000 年的梵文著作叙述了如何通过在铜器皿中煮沸,日光照晒,木炭过滤和在 陶土器皿中冷却等方法来净化污浊的水·Sanskrit[´sænskrit] n. 梵文, (包括梵文在内的)古印度文a. 梵文的·lore[l :] n. (古)教训,教诲, (专门的)知识, (特殊的)学问lore[l :] n. [动动]眼端(指鸟的眼与啄之间,蛇或鱼的眼与鼻之间的部位)·inscription[in´skrip∫ən] n.(铭)刻,碑文·foul[faul] a. 令人作呕的,臭的, (天气)恶劣的, (比赛中)犯规的,不诚实的 ad. 犯规地,不正当地n. 不正当的事件vt. 使肮脏,污染,使丧失名誉,阻碍, (比赛中)对……犯规vi. 变脏,阻碍, (比赛中)犯规foul out [篮球篮球]犯规 5 次被罚下场, (比赛中)犯规越过限定次数而被罚下场foul up [美口]破坏(某人的计划等) ,使混乱,陷入困境,使降低,污染play someone foul 用卑鄙的手段对付某人,不公正地对待某人through foul and fair(或 fair and foul) 不管顺利或困难,在任何情况下·charcoal[´t∫a:kəul] n.(木)炭,木炭画,深灰色,炭黑色 vt. 用炭写(或画)charcoal black 炭黑charcoal burner 木炭窑(或)炉,烧炭人·earthen[´ə:θən] a. 土制的,陶制的,地球的,尘世的,现世的 [4] The earliest known apparatus for clarifying liquids was pictured on Egyptian walls in the fifteenth and thirteenth centuries B.C.人们已知的最早的液体净化装置出现在公元前 15 至 13 世纪的埃及壁画中。
The first picture represents the siphoning of either water or settled wine.第一幅画描述了如何用虹吸管吸水或者是沉淀后过的酒A second picture shows the use of wick siphons in an Egyptian kitchen.第二幅画显示在当时埃及的厨房里使用油绳虹吸的方法3·siphon[´saifən] n. ; v. 虹吸(管) ,用虹吸管输送·wick[wik] n. 灯芯, (吸)油绳,村,镇 [5] The first engineering report on water supply and treatment was made in A. D. 98 by Sextus Julius Fronntinus, water commissioner of Rome.公元 98 年,罗马水务长官赛克特斯·朱利叶斯·弗朗提纳作出了第一份有关供水和水处 理的工程报告He produced two books on the water supply of Rome.他写了两本有关罗马供水的书。
In these he described a settling reservoir at the head of one of the aqueducts.在这两本书中,他描述了位于一渡槽头的沉淀池His writings were first translated into English by the noted hydraulic engineer Clemens Herschel in 1899.他的著作最先由著名的水利工程师克莱蒙斯·荷思切尔于 1899 年译成英文·commissioner[kə´mi∫ənə] n. 受任命者,委员,厅长,局长,公共事业部局级官员·reservoir[´rezəvwa:] n. 蓄水池,水库,贮液器,[生物生物](病菌等的)储主·aqueduct[˛ækwid kt] n. 渡槽,沟渠, (导)水管·hydraulic[hai˛dr :lik] a. 水力(学)的,液压的hydraulic brikes 液压刹车hydraulic gradient 水力坡度hydraulic press [机机]液压机 [6] In the eighth century A. D. an Arabian alchemist, Geber, wrote a rather specialized treatise on distillation that included various stills for water and other liquids.公元八世纪,阿拉伯炼丹士詹伯写了一遍颇具专业水平的有关蒸馏的论文,其中涉及到水 及其它液体的各种蒸馏器具。
·alchemist[´ælkimist] n. 炼金术士,炼丹家·treatise[´tri:tiz] n. (正式而有系统的专题)论文,论述·distillation[˛disti´lei∫ən] n. 蒸馏(法) ,蒸馏物,蒸馏液,精华,精髓·still[stil] n. 。
