显微共焦拉曼光谱.ppt
34页左左 健健理化科学实验中心理化科学实验中心 显微共焦拉曼光谱及应用显微共焦拉曼光谱及应用 特别是显微拉曼光谱可进行空间分辨、原位无损的光谱分析 拉曼光谱是以光子为探针,它对样品的结构和成分极为敏感并有很强的特征性,就像人的指纹一样435.8 nm (Hg-line)Spectrum taken by Raman in 1929;Resolution ca. 10 cm-1Sample Volume: ca. 1 literExposure time: ca. 40 hoursSpectrum taken with a modern Raman set-up;Resolution ca. 0.5 cm-1Sample Volume: ca. 1 mlAccumulation time: ca. 1 sRaman Spectrum of CCl4Stokesanti-StokesIsotopic (35,37Cl) splitting of n1-vibration461.5-CCl435455.1-CCl335Cl37453.4-CCl235Cl237从拉曼光谱获取的信息从拉曼光谱获取的信息characteristic Raman peakComposition and structure of materialchanges in frequency of Raman peakstress/strain state Crystal sizepolarization of Raman peakcrystal (molecule) symmetry and orientationwidth of Raman peakquality of crystal(crystal size)不同的物质,其拉曼谱是不同的,就象人的指纹一样,因此拉曼光谱可用于物相的分析与表征。
水拉曼特征峰随水拉曼特征峰随NaCl 浓度变化趋势图浓度变化趋势图,曲线曲线A, B,C,D , E,F的盐度分别为的盐度分别为:0.05 ,0.20 ,0.50 ,1.00 ,2.00 ,5.00mol/ LW/Si多层膜年代估计Bertoluzza等对28个年代在1750~1940年之间的工艺玻璃杯 进行了拉曼光谱分析,仅从拉曼峰的位置和强度并不能反映出与样品的年代有什么关系,但发现1080cm-1的拉曼峰的强度与位于高波数的荧光峰强度的比值与年代有关给出一个经验公式: y=a+bx y=log(I1080/I荧光) x= 年代 a=-25.384 b=0.013Raman spectroscopy: § high characteristic§ good spatial resolution (micro Raman)§ minimal sample preparation§ all solvents can be usedbut: § biological samples often show high fluorescence§ biological molecules appear often at low concentration levelWhy SERS spectroscopy?SERS quenches fluorescenceessential oil10 mmRamansilver colloidsM. x piperita514.5 nm200015001000500Wavenumber / cm-1Raman Intensity SERS improves the detection limit: Adenine10-8 M10-7 M10-6 M10-5 M10-3 M10-2 M10-1 M15001000500Raman IntensityRamanWavenumber / cm-115001000500Wavenumber / cm-1 Raman IntensitySERS Typical Typical SERS SERS media media Resonance with electronic statesw w0w wStokesw wRrififw wir w w0 = w wir Virtual stateContinuum Resonance Raman Scattering in Iodine Excited with l l0 = 488 nmWavenumber/cm-1l l0 = 488 nmTS-1 的紫外共振拉曼光谱ex=244 nmIntegration of the Microscope and the Spectrometer:MicroscopeMicroscope + Spectrometerdispersing element:grating monochromator Baldwin, Batchelder, Webster: “Raman Microscopy: Confocal and Scanning Near-Field“, in: Handbook of Raman SpectroscopyMaking the Microscope Confocal: Introducing an Aperture Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy Beam waist of diameter (Gaussian intensity profile)Focal volume (cylindrical)Focal length of the lenseEffective diameter at the lenseBaldwin, Batchelder, Webster: “Raman Microscopy: Confocal and Scanning Near-Field“, in: Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy Principle of Confocal Microscopy and Depth Discrimination:Barbillat, Dhamelincourt, Delhaye, Da Silva, J. Raman Spectrosc. 1994, 25, 3-11.Making the Microscope Confocal: Introducing an Aperture Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy Beam waist of diameter (Gaussian intensity profile)Focal volume (cylindrical)Focal length of the lenseEffective diameter at the lenseBaldwin, Batchelder, Webster: “Raman Microscopy: Confocal and Scanning Near-Field“, in: Handbook of Raman SpectroscopyConfocal Raman Microspectroscopy Confocal Raman Microspectroscopy Measurement of Depth Resolution on a Polystyrene(聚苯乙烯) Bead:Illustration of Confocal Depth Discrimination. Solid Inclusion of Chalcopyrite (黄铜矿)within a Ruby Host.Barbillat, Dhamelincourt, Delhaye, Da Silva, J. Raman Spectrosc. 1994, 25, 3-11.选择激发波长——穿透深度Dp为激发波长在;SiGe325nm488nm633nm785nm选择激发波长——穿透深度Dp为激发波长在样品中的穿透深度;k为消光系数.SiGe325nm488nm633nm785nmn 利用不同波长穿透深度不同,可以分析样品不同层的信息 变换激发波长-分析样品不同深度的信息ZrOZrO2 2 的晶相结构的晶相结构Temperature for phase transformationm-ZrO2 t-ZrO2950-1200oCt-ZrO2 c- ZrO22370oCMelting point2500-2600oCmonoclinic tetragonalcubic m-ZrOm-ZrO2 2 and t-ZrO and t-ZrO2 2 的特征拉曼光谱的特征拉曼光谱m-ZrO2 (cm-1)176, 187, 220, 305, 340, 376, 474, 510, 536, 558, 613, 634t-ZrO2 (cm-1)149, 270, 313, 462, 600, 640monoclinictetragonal 对于单斜相对于单斜相 (m),谱峰,谱峰474 cm-1强于强于634 cm –1,,而四方相而四方相(t) 恰好相反。
恰好相反 单斜相的拉曼谱图中,在单斜相的拉曼谱图中,在472 和和 634 cm-1两个谱峰之间有些弱的谱峰存在,两个谱峰之间有些弱的谱峰存在,而这些谱峰在四方相的拉曼谱图中是而这些谱峰在四方相的拉曼谱图中是不存在的不存在的400oC: 混合晶相混合晶相 500oC: m-ZrO2700oC 焙烧之后仍能观焙烧之后仍能观察到四方晶相察到四方晶相ZrO2.ZrOZrO2 2样品不同温度焙烧后的紫外样品不同温度焙烧后的紫外拉曼光谱图和拉曼光谱图和XRDXRD图谱图谱100200300400500600700800900mmmmmmmm700oC500oC400oC tttRaman shift / cm-1IntensityZrOZrO2 2样品不同温度焙烧后的可见样品不同温度焙烧后的可见拉曼光谱图和拉曼光谱图和XRDXRD图谱图谱可见拉曼光谱可见拉曼光谱的结果和的结果和XRD的结果非常相的结果非常相似似主要为四方主要为四方晶相晶相提出的提出的 ZrOZrO2 2 相变机理相变机理UV LaserX-rayUV Raman ScatteringXRDVisible LaserVisible Raman ScatteringAmorphous Zr(OH)4Tetragonal ZrO2Monoclinic ZrO2 紫外拉曼光谱与紫外拉曼光谱与XRD,可见拉曼光,可见拉曼光谱结果的不同表明氧化锆四方相到谱结果的不同表明氧化锆四方相到单斜相的相变首先是从表面开始,单斜相的相变首先是从表面开始,接着逐步发展到体相。
接着逐步发展到体相S. Shukla, et al. Nano Letters 2002, 2, 989. TEM evidence for the phase transformation of ZrO2Tetragonal MonoclinicCan Li, et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, 8107. 在拉曼光谱测试中,往往会遇到荧光的干扰,由于拉曼散射光极弱,所以一旦样品或杂质产生荧光,拉曼光谱就会被荧光所淹没发光(荧光)的抑制和消除 通常荧光来自样品中的杂质,但有的样品本身也可发生荧光,常用抑制或消除萤光的方法有以下几种: 有时在样品中加入少量荧光淬灭剂,如硝基苯,KBr, AgI等 ,可以有效地淬灭荧光干扰1)纯化样品(2)强激光长时间照射样品 虽然无法解释为什么用激光长时间照射样品能够有效的消除荧光干扰,但在很多情况下用这种方法确实能达到消除荧光干扰的效果3)加荧光淬灭剂(4)利用脉冲激光光源 当激光照射到样品时,产生荧光和拉曼散射光的时间过程不同,若用一个激光脉冲照射样品,将在10-11~10-13S内产生拉曼散射光,而荧光则是在10-7∽10-9S后才出现 (5)改变激发光的波长以避开荧光干扰 在测量拉曼光谱时,对于不同的激发光拉曼谱带的相对位移是不变的,荧光则不然,对于不同的激发光,荧光的相对位移是不同的。
所以选择适当的激发光,可避开荧光的干扰在实际工作中常用这一方法识别荧光峰(6)其他方法 非线性技术: coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS ) For low-wavenumber modes look at anti-Stokes side since fluorescence starts in most cases only in the Stokes region Fluorescence quenching by means of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS )。





