维多利亚时代简介权威英文版.ppt

English Literature in the Victorian PeriodQueen VictoriaEnglish Literature in the Victorian PeriodlVictoria: 1819-1901lQueen Victoria took throne in 1837 (at 18)lLong reign, died in 1901 (at 82)land became one of the most powerful and successful rulers in English history. lHer 63-year reign was the longest in British history. lGreat Britain reached the height of its power during this period. lEngland became wealthiest nationlAs a result, the time of Victoria’s reign is often called the Victorian Age. Victoria’s achievement lDuring the Victoria Age, great economic, social, and political changes occurred in Britain. lEconomically: Britain went through a period of rapid industrialization and enjoyed tremendous industrial expansion at home.lRailroads and lands crisscrossed the country. Science and technology made great advances.lPolitically: It built a great colonial empire and the British Empire reaches its height and covered about the fourth of the world’s land. •“The sun never sets on England.”• Queen-empress over 200 million people living outside Great Britain•India, North America, South Pacific, etc.lSocially: The size of the middle-class grew enormously. lBt the 1850s, more and more people were getting education.lThe government introduced democratic reforms. For example, an increasing number of people received the right to vote.Problems lIn spite of the prosperity of the Victorian Age, factory workers and farm workers lived in terrible poverty. lRich people lived on poor people with the cover of religion.lEngland was two nations, one rich and one poor.lNew scientific theories seemed to challenge many religious beliefs. lThe most controversial theory appeared in the Origin of Species(1859) by the biologist Charles Darwin led many people feel that traditional values could no longer guide their lives.lWriters also analyzed the loss of faith in traditional values.Critical RealismlA realistic presentation of the sufferings of the working class, to the criticism of English institutions, and to the education of the masses.Features of Critical Realisml1. To disclose the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes and show profound sympathy for the common peoplel2. The use of humor and satire in the English realistic novels of 19th century. l3. Strongly critical of the social reality of the time but never had the thought of overthrowing the existing social over that they could establish a new one.l4. often have happy ending or an important compromise to current societyl5. So far as the literary form or genre is concerned, the major contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel.The Victorian NovellThe novel was the dominant form in Victorian literature.lVictorian novels are realistic.lThe writers in Victorian Age criticized the courts, the clergy, and the neglect of the poor.l Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist,lWilliam Thackery’s Vanity Fairl the three Bronte Sisters---Jane Eyre, lall these writers attacked the greed and hypocrisy they saw in society, discuss the relationship between society and the individual. Images of the Victorian PeriodMajor Novelists of the PeriodlCharles Dickens•Oliver Twist•Great ExpectationslEmily Bronte•Wuthering HeightslCharlotte Bronte•Jane EyrelThomas Hardy•Tess of the D’Uberville’slGeorge Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)•Silas Marner•MiddlemarchVictorian PoetrylAlways seems inferior when compared to RomanticismlDevelop new ways to tell stories—e.g. dramatic monologuel Do not share Romantics’ confidence in the imaginationlEmphasis on visual imagery and soundMajor Poets of the PeriodlLord Alfred TennysonlRobert Browning dramatic monologuelElizabeth Barret BrowninglThomas HardyVictorian PoetrylDramatic monologue – the idea of creating a lyric poem in the voice of a speaker ironically distinct from the poet is the great achievement of Victorian poetry.Victorian DramalThe theater was a flourishing and popular institution during the Victorian period.lThe popularity of theater influenced other genres.lBernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde transformed British theater with their comic masterpieces.Other Writer’s of the PeriodlBernard Shaw•Pygmalion•Mrs. Warren’s Profession•Major BarbaralCharles Darwin•The Origin of the SpeciesNatural selectionSurvival of the fittestCharles Darwin( (达尔文）达尔文）Charles Dickens(1812-1870)Charles DickenslPickwick Papers (1836-7) 《匹克威克外传》 lOliver Twist (1837-1838)《奥利佛.退斯特》lThe Old Curiosity Shop (1841) 《老古玩店》 lDombey and Son:(1846_48) 《董贝父子》 lDavid Copperfield: (1849-50)《大卫*科波菲尔》 l Bleak House (1854) 《荒凉山庄》 l Hard Times (1854)《艰难时世》 l Little Dorrit (1855-57)《小杜丽》 l A Tale Of Two Cities (1859) 《双城记》 l Great Expectations (1860_61) 《远大前程》 lCharlotte Brontë (1816-1855)lEmily (Jane) Brontë (1818-1848)lAnne Brontë (1820-1849)Brontë Sisters Charlotte,1816-1855Emily,1818-1848Anne,1820-1849Charlotte BrontëBrontë SistersEmilyA An nn ne eBrontë SistersCharlotte BrontelBorn of Irish ancestry in 1816•Lived at Haworth, a parsonage•Mother died of cancer when Charlotte was 5 years old.The Bronte sisterslCharlotte had 4 sisters and 1 brother.lWhile at the Clergy Daughter’s School, her 2 older sisters (Maria & Elizabeth) died of tuberculosisCharlotte’s family con.’tlThe Clergy Daughter’s School at Cowan Bridge became the model for Lowood, the fictitious girls’ school in Jane Eyre.lAnne and Emily Bronte were also successful writers. lCharlotte’s brother, Branwell, was a gifted painter.More on Charlotte’s FamilylIn 1846, Charlotte & her sisters started publishing poems and began writing novels:•The Professor was Charlotte’s attempt to fictionalize her love for a college professor she had met at Brussels.•In 1847 Wuthering Heights was sister Emily’s first success. Charlotte followed with Jane Eyre.All 3 Bronte Sisters…lUsed a masculine pen name because women writers were not taken seriously at that time in Victorian England.lCharlotte used the name Currer Bell.Marriage BellslIn 1854 She marries her father's curate, Arthur Bell Nichols.lThe next year, she became pregnant, then ill. lShe died a month before her 39th birthdayHometown: HaworthHaworth street 博物馆的标志博物馆的标志 “Bronte Parsonage Museum” 三姐妹的故乡三姐妹的故乡 HaworthHaworth博物馆的花园中三博物馆的花园中三姊妹的雕像。

姊妹的雕像三姐妹的故乡三姐妹的故乡 HaworthParish Church 教区教堂的墓教区教堂的墓地 Bronte的的父亲就在此教父亲就在此教堂任职 三姐妹的故乡三姐妹的故乡 HaworthBrontë sisters’ novelsCharlotte:Jane Eyre (1847,by Currer Bell) Shirley (1849, by Currer Bell,《雪莉》《雪莉》)Villette (1853，《维莱特》，《维莱特》)The Professor: A Tale (1857, her first written but last published，《男教师》，《男教师》)Emily:Wuthering Heights (1847)Anne:Agnes Grey (1847)The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848，《怀德菲尔庄园的房客，《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》》)夏洛蒂的主要作品夏洛蒂的主要作品l简简·爱爱Jane Eyre (1847)l雪利雪利Shirley (1844)l维莱特维莱特 Villette(1853)l教授教授 The Professor (1855)Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre《简《简·爱》爱》Jane EyreJane Eyre’s developmentThere are five distinct stages of development, each linked to a particular place: Jane’s childhood at Gateshead, her education at the Lowood School, her time as Adele’s governess at Thornfield, her time with the Rivers family at Moor House, and her reunion with and marriage to Rochester at Ferndean.《简《简·爱》爱》 EducationlClergy Daughter’s School, Cowan BridgelRoe Head School  Lowood School in Jane EyreJane Eyre as AutobiographyJane Eyre (1)Jane is an orphan who grows up lonely without nobody caring for her.Jane is a small, plain and poor governess of Victorian era instead of the rich, gentle, frail, modest and virtuous beauties of the conventional heroine. Jane only has an intense feeling, a ready sympathy and a strong sense of equality and independence.Jane Eyre (2)Most importantly, Jane dares to love her master and marries him openly in defiance of the social convention and prejudices. It makes her as an entirely new woman in the era of Victorian.Jane is a spirited and intelligent woman to accept her appointed place in society with unusual frankness and with a passionate sense of the dignity and needs of her sex.Conflicts and struggles in Jane EyreThe outer conflicts between Jane and others:Appearance, status, wealth, education and so onThe inner struggles in Jane:Reason and emotionReality and imaginationHer dependent position and her desire for independenceHer actual inferiority and spiritual superiorityI grieve to leave Thornfield:  I love Thornfield: I love it, because I have lived in it a full and delightful life, momentarily at least. I have not been trampled on. I have not been petrified. I have not been buried with inferior minds, and excluded from every glimpse of communion with what is bright and energetic and high.  I have talked, face to face, with what I reverence, with what I delight in, with an original, a vigorous, an expanded mind.  I have known you, Mr. Rochester; and it strikes me with terror and anguish to feel I absolutely must be torn from you for ever.  I see the necessity of departure; and it is like looking on the necessity of death."““要离开桑菲尔德，我感到忧伤，因为我爱桑要离开桑菲尔德，我感到忧伤，因为我爱桑菲尔德；我爱它，因为我在这里过了一段充实菲尔德；我爱它，因为我在这里过了一段充实而愉快的生活，尽管是短暂的。

我没有被人踩而愉快的生活，尽管是短暂的我没有被人踩在脚下我没有被吓倒我没有跟一些头脑迟在脚下我没有被吓倒我没有跟一些头脑迟钝的人一起遭到埋没，而且没有被排斥在同聪钝的人一起遭到埋没，而且没有被排斥在同聪明、能干和崇高的人交往的圈子之外我曾经明、能干和崇高的人交往的圈子之外我曾经面对面地与我所敬重所喜爱的人，与一个有独面对面地与我所敬重所喜爱的人，与一个有独到见解、充满活力而开朗的心灵促膝谈心我到见解、充满活力而开朗的心灵促膝谈心我已经对您有所了解，罗切斯特先生，要我非得已经对您有所了解，罗切斯特先生，要我非得从您这里永远走开，我感到恐惧和痛苦我看从您这里永远走开，我感到恐惧和痛苦我看到我非走不可，就仿佛看到我非死不可一样到我非走不可，就仿佛看到我非死不可一样————第第2323章，戴侃译章，戴侃译‘I tell you I must go!’ I retorted, roused to something like passion. ‘Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton?-a machine without feelings? and can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!——I have as much soul as you-and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh: it is my sprit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal----as we are! ’“我告诉您我一定要走，我告诉您我一定要走，”我有些恼火地反驳说。

我有些恼火地反驳说您您以为我能留下来做一个对您毫无意思的人吗？您以为我以为我能留下来做一个对您毫无意思的人吗？您以为我只是台自动机器，一台没有感情的机器吗？您以为我能只是台自动机器，一台没有感情的机器吗？您以为我能容忍别人把我那一小口面包从嘴里抢走，把我那一滴赖容忍别人把我那一小口面包从嘴里抢走，把我那一滴赖以活命的水从杯子里泼掉吗？您以为我既然又穷又贱，以活命的水从杯子里泼掉吗？您以为我既然又穷又贱，长得又不美，个子又小，我就没有灵魂，没有心肝了吗长得又不美，个子又小，我就没有灵魂，没有心肝了吗？您想错了！我的灵魂跟您的一样高尚，心也跟您的一？您想错了！我的灵魂跟您的一样高尚，心也跟您的一样充实！要是上帝能赐给我一点美和许多的财富，我也样充实！要是上帝能赐给我一点美和许多的财富，我也会让您难以离开我，就像我现在难以离开您一样我现会让您难以离开我，就像我现在难以离开您一样我现在并不是从世俗习惯、甚至也不是从凡人的躯体出发对在并不是从世俗习惯、甚至也不是从凡人的躯体出发对您讲这番话，这是我的灵魂在跟您的灵魂对话，仿佛我您讲这番话，这是我的灵魂在跟您的灵魂对话，仿佛我们俩穿过了坟墓，一起站在上帝的脚下。

彼此平等们俩穿过了坟墓，一起站在上帝的脚下彼此平等——因为我们就是平等的呀！因为我们就是平等的呀！”简简·爱爱 Jane Eyre (1847)lJane Eyre Mr. RochesterlThe center theme: women should have equal rights with man.lThe problem of orphan;lThe problem of the bourgeois system of education;lThe position of woman in society.Charlotte’s features of her novels1. presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society.2. shows as intense love for the beauty of nature.3. Greatly influenced by Byron and Scott, her novels are all about lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for life and love.4. Charlotte is exceptionally good at landscape painting and presentation of atmospheres of mystery, horror and prophesy.5. Charlotte is known as a great impressionistic verbal painter.呼啸山庄(Wuthering Heights, 1847)lHeathcliff - IsabellalCatherine – Edgar LintonlHindleylHareton (Hindley’s son)lCathy (Catherine’s daughter)Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄所描述的呼啸山庄所描述的 “Moor” 荒原荒原 l Wuthering HeightsIt is one of the most intense novels written in the English language.It is a story of doomed love and revenge.The protagonists are characterized as figures of violent emotions and typical Yorkshire characters.The Gothic tradition and transcending including its sophisticated observation and artistic subtlety.The gothic novelThe Gothic novel is a literary genre, in which the prominent features are mystery, doom, decay, old buildings with ghosts in them, madness, hereditary curses and so on.Features of this novel1. There is the combination of extremely simple language with the most mighty and intensified effects.2. Its confusing narrative forms and narrators. The first person and the third person. 3. The apparent absence of social mortality.Narrator or narrators?Lockwood, a newcomer to the locale of Wuthering Heights, narrates the entire novel as an entry in his diary. The story that Lockwood records is told to him by Nelly, a servant, and Lockwood writes most of the narrative in her voice, describing how she told it to him. Some parts of Nelly’s story are narrated by other characters.Some questions1. What’s the meaning of “intense”?2. What makes love doomed?3. What do you think the revenge in this novel?4. What’s the point of the “moors”?5. Why does the author mention “ghosts” sometimes?6. What’s the theme of this novel?moorsThe landscape in the novel is comprised primarily of moors: wide, wild expanses, high but somewhat soggy, and thus infertile. The moors serve very well as symbols of the wild threat posed by nature. As the setting for the beginnings of Catherine and Heathcliff’s bond (the two play on the moors during childhood), the moorland transfers its symbolic associations onto the love affair.ghostsGhosts appear throughout Wuthering Heights, as they do in most other works of Gothic fiction, yet Brontë always presents them in such a way that whether they really exist remains ambiguous. Thus the world of the novel can always be interpreted as a realistic one. Certain ghosts—such as Catherine’s spirit when it appears to Lockwood in Chapter III—may be explained as nightmares. The villagers’ alleged sightings of Heathcliff’s ghost in Chapter XXXIV could be dismissed as unverified superstition. Whether or not the ghosts are “real,” they symbolize the manifestation of the past within the present, and the way memory stays with people, permeating day-to-day lives.lflourished in the 40’s and in the early 50’s. lthe chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. lthe method of critical realism was further adopted by such writers as Charlotte Bronte and Emily Bronte and Elizabeth Gaskell. lIn the 50’s and 60’s the realistic novel entered a stage of decline. George Eliot described the life of the laboring people and criticized the privileged classes but the power of exposure become much weaker in her work. Romantic definitionl lReaction to 18th century classicism & rationalisml lViewed as revolutionary, emphasized changel lEvents now affect human thought & expression and society & politicsRealism definitionRealism definitionl lReaction to 19th century Romanticisml lSeen in realistic detail, no interpretationsl lSubjects now everyday life & peopleCritical realismlShows the extreme brutality and corruption of the oppressors and their agents under the mask of philanthropy.lVivid descriptions of the sufferings of the poor and oppressed.lShows the extreme brutality and corruption of the oppressors and their agents under the mask of philanthropy.lVivid descriptions of the sufferings of the poor and oppressed.。