英汉语音对比.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,,Part 1,,英汉语音对比,,,汉英语音对比,,从,语音学,和,音系学,角度考察汉英语语音系统中的共性和特性,:,,,第一节，汉英语音系统的基本特征；,,,第二节，汉英语音位系统的对比；,,,第三节，汉英语超音段音位系统的对比；,,,第四节，汉英语的节奏韵律对比一、汉英语语音系统的基本特征,语音学：,phonetics,(the inventory of sounds in language in general, how they are produced and perceived),语音的物理属性、人类的发音方法以及语音感知的生理过程等，注重的是全人类语音的共性音系学：,phonology,(how sounds are organized in a particular language),一种语言有多少个不同的音，这些音彼此之间有什么区别和关系，注重的是语音的个性语音学层面,(phonetics),：,The production of any speech sound involves the projection of the,air stream,from the,lungs,through the,mouth,and / or the,nose,. In its passage, the air stream is shaped in various ways by,tongue,and,jaw,movements. It may be momentarily,interrupted,or,not interrupted,at all. It may be made to,vibrate,a lot or a little by the vocal cords.,,,,,汉语：声母（21）、韵母（39）、声调（5）,,英语：辅音（28）、元音（20）,,,英汉辅音发音对比,,（,Articulatory,features of consonants,）,,,汉语：声母 21个,vs.,英语：辅音 28个,,to classify consonants according to,place,of articulation and,manner,of articulation,,唇音,(labials) :,p, b, m,,唇齿音,(,labio,-dentals):,f, v,,齿间音,(inter-dental):,,th,,齿龈音,(,alveolars,):,t, d, s, z,,腭音,(Palatals):,,sh,,,ch,,舌根音,(velars):,k, g,,ng,,,,……,,英汉辅音发音对比,1.,,When pronounced,isolatedly,the Chinese consonants are combined with vowels while the English ones are not:,,,b-o,玻,p-o,坡,m-o,磨,f-o,佛,d-e,得,t-e,特,n-e,讷,l-e,勒,g-e,格,k-e,克,h-e,喝,j-i,,机,q-i,,其,x-i,,西,,,2. The differences between labials:,,,,Almost naught,,英汉辅音发音对比,,3. The differences between the,labio,-dentals:,,/f/ (Chinese)—the teeth right on the top of the lower lip,,/f/ (English)—the teeth on the inner side of the lower lip,,/v/--no such a voiced consonant in Chinese,,4. The differences between the,interdentals,（齿间音）,:,,,,/θ/ and /ð /--no such sounds in Chinese,,英汉辅音发音对比,5. The differences between,alveolars,,（齿龈音）,:,,/s/ - The Chinese /s/ can make a syllable:,思，四,,/z/ - There is no /z/ in Chinese as a,frictive,but an,affrictive,that sounds somewhat like the English consonant cluster /,dz,/:,资，自,,/c/ - There is no / c / in English, which sounds like the English consonant cluster /,ts,/ :,次，此,,英汉辅音发音对比,6. The differences between palatals,（腭音）,,/ʃ/ (,sh,) -- Both languages have /ʃ/ (,sh,) but the positions are different ;,,/r/ /ʒ/ -- The Chinese /r/ sound like the English /ʒ/, while the English /r/ is produced as a liquid,流音,.,,,英汉辅音发音对比,7. The differences between velars,（舌根音）,,/h/ -- There is a palatal /h/ in Chinese (,喝，河，和,), while the English /h/ is a,glotal,(hot, hard);,,/,tʃ,/ /,dʒ,/ -- Both languages have /,tʃ,/ (,ch,) and /,dʒ/(zh,), but the positions are different.,,,英汉元音发音对比 （,Articulatory,features of vowels,）,,,,,A vowel is a speech sound in which the breath is let out without any stop or any closing of the air passage or throat that can be heard.,,,汉语：韵母（39个）,,英语：元音（20个）,,英汉元音对比,The English single vowels are divided into three:,,,Front vowels: / i: /; / i /; /e /; /æ/;,,,Central vowels: /ɜ:/;,,/ə/ ; / ʌ/,,,Back vowels: / u: /; / u /; /ɔ:/ ; /ɒ/ ; / a: /;,,,英汉元音对比,The Chinese vowels are classified according to the shape of the lips:,,,按开头元音发音口形可分为开口呼、齐齿呼、合口呼、撮口呼，简称“四呼”。

撮口呼：以,ü,开头的韵母，发音时唇形撮起，故称之）,,Open vowels: / i: /; / a: /; / o /; / e /;,,Dental vowels: /,ia,/; /,ie,/;,,Close vowels / u /; /,ua,/;,,Protruded vowels: / ü /; /,üe,/.,,,英汉元音对比,英语音标共,8,个双元音：,/,eɪ,/,、,/,aɪ,/,、,/,ɔɪ,/,、,/,əʊ,/,、,/,aʊ,/,、,/,ɪə,/,、,/,eə,/,、,/,ʊə,/,,普通话共有,13,个复韵母：,ai,、,ei,、,ao,、,ou,、,ia,、,ie,、,ua,、,uo,、,üe,、,iao,,、,iou,、,uai,、,uei,,,,汉语有,16,个鼻韵母（,nasal vowels,），英语没有由一个或两个元音后面带上鼻辅音构成的韵母叫鼻韵母）,,an,、,ian,、,uan,、,üan,,、,en,、,in,、,uen,、,ün,,、,ang,、,iang,、,uang,、,eng,、,ing,、,ueng,、,ong,、,iong,。

语音要素在汉英语中的不同价值,音高、音长、音强、音质四要素,,,汉语对音高敏感，,声调语言,,英语对音强敏感，,重音语言,,,,,音系学层面,（,phonology),,The Differences in Distinctive Sounds,Basic to a speaker’s phonological knowledge is the ability to know which sounds in the language are distinctive and which are not.,,,Some distinctive sounds or phonemes in one language are not distinctive ones in another.,,,Allophones,,The Differences in Distinctive Sounds,/ p /, / p,h,/, / t /, /,t,h,/ are distinctive sounds in the Chinese language:,,,巴,vs,,趴,;,搭,vs,,他,,,While in the English language they are not:,,,pool – spool; top - stop,,The Differences in Distinctive Sounds,一心一意；看一下；不三不四,,（一二三声前；第四声前；夹在词语中间）,,管理者；请你把雨伞给我；演讲,,（连续多个上声）,Putonghua,vs,,Changde,dialect,,啊,,1,）好啊；妙啊,（,ao,,,ou,, u,后）,,2,）飞啊（呀）；多好的米啊（呀）,(a, o,,e,i,, ü,后）,,3,）真叫人担心啊（哪）,（,-n,之后）,,4,）快听啊（,nga,),感动啊,（,-,ng,之后）,,The difference in Sound Sequence,No language permits all its possible distinctive sounds to combine in any order.,For example, not all distinctive sounds of English can occur word-initially. Specifically,,/ʒ/,and,/ŋ/,are excluded. But in the Chinese language they may occur word-initially, specially in some dialects:,,,热,/ re / (Standard Chinese),,我,/,ngo,/ ( the Changsha dialect),,看不看,/,kan,,ng,,kan,/ (the,Shaoyang,dialect),,The difference in Sound Sequence,英语允许许多辅音连缀作为词首如,spend, scab, sleep, play, blue, free,,等等，但是并非所有一切辅音都可自由组合与词首。

如不会有,/pt/, /,gt,/, /,dn,/, /mp/; /,pf,/,开头的单词等；,,,汉语没有辅音连缀现象，至于如,an,,ang,本身为鼻韵母英语含辅音连缀的音节结构主要类型表,,汉英音节的结构的对比,音节的结构类型和结构特征,4,种最基本的音节结构形式：,,（,1,）,V,（,2,）,CV,（,3,）,VC,（,4,）,CVC,音节结构的扩展：,,汉语全部的音节结构类型：,,V,（阿、饿）、,V V,（爱、熬、欧）、,CV,（八、坡、的、塔）、,,CV V,（宝、牌、某、烈、学）、,CV V V,（腿、角）,,VC,（安、昂）、,CVC,（班、疼）、,CV VC,（边、团）,,汉语音节的结构类型和结构特征,从音节中元辅音的线性序列观察：,,,1.,音节中最少须有,1,个元音，最多可以有,4,个音素2.,音节中元音占优势，可以有两个或三个元音连排，而且以开音节居多3.,音节中可以无辅音，不存在辅音连缀普通话的音节结构十分简单，数量有限：,,除儿化音和轻声外，不分声调的普通话音节有,432,个，如果分声调的话，由于并非每个音节都存在,4,个声调，因此带调音节也只有,1376,个。

刘泽先：,1957,，,459,）,,汉语音节结构的封闭性,一字、一音节，一概念，音节与意义的对应性是汉语的基本特点,,* 汉语拼音拼写时，辅音韵尾音节和零声母音节的组合时，需要加一个隔音符号‘，把两个音节隔开如：在齐、合、撮三呼的零声母音节之首，也都有一个轻微的摩擦成分，记做,[j],、,[w],或,[v],、,[ɥ],：,yin,（音），,yun,（云）中的,y,表现的是,[j],和,[ɥ],，,wen,（闻）中的,w,表现的正是,[w],或,[v],,,* 说话的时候，,声母,由辅音充任，是分隔音节界限的自然屏障即使是汉语的“零”声母也带有一点辅音性的成分,汉语的声调：保证汉语音节封闭性和独立性,“它驾驭由声、韵母组合的音段，使各个组成成分浓缩为一个难以分割的‘音块’、‘块’内各音素具有强烈的凝聚性，以至于在凝聚中磨损了各音素相互拼读连接的痕迹，而对‘块’外则有强烈的排它性和离散性，防止外音节的音素的渗入徐通锵，,2001,：,58,）,*汉语的音节成为一个个独立、封闭的个体，与不同的字形和概念一一对应，形成了一个个音形义三位一体的结构英语音节的结构特征和结构类型,,英语音节的三个部分：,,音首（,onset,），音核（,nucleus,）和音尾（,coda,）,,S,（音节）,,,,（音首）,O R,（韵脚）,,,,,（音核）,N C,（音尾）,,复辅音,,,英语的音节的几个特点：,1,、音节中最少也须有,1,个元音。

如：,CCVCCCC,：,glimpsed /,glimpst,/,,CCCVCCCC,：,scrambles /,skræmblz,/,,,,/l/, /n/, /m/,,,2,、音节中音位结合较自由，音节类型比汉语普通话音节多得多,,与汉语共有的结构类型：,V,（,ah /ɑ:/,）、,V V,（,I /,ai,/,）、,CV,（,tea /,ti,:/,）、,CV V,（,my /,mai,/,）、,VC,（,an /,æn,/,）、,V VC,（,oil /,ɔil,/,）、,CVC,（,man /,mæn,/,）,还有十余种含有辅音连缀的结构类型,,英语的音节不是与词和概念一一对应,英语音节结构的开放性,antidisestablishmentarianism,(28 letters),,>,反对主张政教分离主义,,floccinaucinihilipilification,(29 letters),,,>(,对荣华富贵等的,),轻蔑,,,The longest word currently listed in Oxford dictionaries is rather of this kind:,pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis,(45 letters).,硅酸盐沉着病,,,矽肺病,,,,英语的音节结构是开放的：,,*音节间的界限模糊，如：,,ap,t,,ap-,t,i-tude,；,spe,cial,,spe-,ci,-,al,-i-ty,,,（汉语的音节受到声调和意义的制约，音节间的界限不可能移动 ）,* 词间的音节界限也容易被打破,：“连读”,汉语音节是封闭的，甚至孤立的，它在声调和意义的制约下，界限分明；而英语音节比较开放，音节内部的音素组合“透明度”比较高，音素的“个性”明显。

汉英语超音段音位对比,语音结构,包括,音段结构,（,segmental structure,）和,超音段结构,（,suprasegmental,structure,）音段结构,的最小单位是,音段音位,（,segmental phonemes,），即元音和辅音；,,,超音段结构,，即语调系统，生成语言的超音段音位（,suprasegmental,phonemes,），主要包括,重音、声调、语调和语音的联接方式,等汉语的声调与英语的语调,音高变化、旋律（,melody,）、“声调”（,tone,）和“语调”（,intonation,）,汉语是典型的声调语言；英语属于语调语言（重音语言）,,,声调（字调）：区别词汇意义；,,语调（句调）：表示语法意义以及说话人的情感态度等,,,英语的音节不像汉语的单音节那样有固定的声调,,,汉语也有语调,汉语的语调是声调与语调的复合体，语调要利用声调来实现，而声调也要顺应语调的需要在调值和调域上稍作抑扬改变你爱 玩， 他爱 唱You like playing, he likes singing.,,,你爱 唱，他爱 玩。

You like singing, he likes playing.,,外国学生说汉语,,,综合起来看，汉语语句中单音节的音高变化固定而频繁，语调一般只是在每个句末字调的基础上稍作调值和调域的调整，而英语的单词在句中的升降起伏则比较自由，只受语句整体音高模式的制约汉语声调的语言功能,,汉语的声调：,1,、辨义功能：,通过不同声调的调值和调型来实现,,,买,mǎi,-,卖,mài,；,,摊子,tānzi,/,坛子,tánzi,/,毯子,tǎnzi,,,汉语声调的语言功能,2,、构形功能：,声调在语言结构中具有,区别语法意义,的功能,,,“,中古汉语的形态表现在声调的变化上面同一个词，由于声调的不同，就具有不同的词汇意义和语法意义主要是靠去声来和其他声调对立,……,就动词来看，声调的变化引起词性的变化特别明显，,凡名词和形容词转化为动词，则动词念去声,……,”,,（,王力,《,汉语史稿,》,）,,,“乃使其从者,衣,褐”,《,史记 廉颇蔺相如列传,》,,n.,衣服,---v.,穿衣服,,“沛公欲,王,关中”,《,史记 项羽本纪,》,,,n.,大王,---v.,为王，成王业,,现代汉语,：,,,1,）,名词或形容词变动词：,,和,hé,<,形,>,和谐、和气、和善,,和,hè,<,动,>,应和、附和、和歌,分界功能：,,每个音节几乎从起点到终点全部被声调包络，声调和音节相互依存,2,）,动词变名词或量词：,,担,dān,<,动,>,担水、担柴、担重任,,担,dàn,<,量,>,一担米、一担柴,,修辞功能：,加强语言音乐性,,听筝,李端,鸣筝金粟柱，素手玉房前。

平平平仄仄，仄仄仄平平,） 欲得周郎顾，时时误拂弦仄仄平平仄，平平仄仄平,）,,,,英语语调的功能,强调功能,,“调核”（,nucleus,）是语调组最重要的部分,---,聚焦功能,,,,,标记调核（,marked nucleus,）,,I’ve ‘just come back from Wuhan.,,The murderer was ‘finally arrested.,,他,‘,明,’,天去上海这条,‘,领,’,带很漂亮焦点在尾,（常规调核,normal nucleus,）,,I’ve come back from,Wu’han,.,,The murderer was finally,ar’rested,.,,他明天去‘上’海这条领带很‘漂’亮英语语调的强调功能,对比焦点（,contrastive focus,）,,,She wasn’t wearing a ‘green dress. She was wearing a ‘red dress.,,,,我只懂,‘,欣赏,’,京戏，不会,‘,唱,’,京戏语调聚焦手段、词汇聚焦手段、语法聚焦手段,,语法功能,：,利用调核位置确定语调组的划分，以区别语法结构,区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：,,The boys who are ‘ill can’t ,come.,生病的男孩子不能来,。

The’ boys, who are ‘ill, can’t ,come.,男孩子都生病了，不能来区分句末的呼语和同位语：,,This is my ‘sister, Jane.,,This is my ‘sister, ‘Jane.,,珍妮，这是我的妹妹这是我的妹妹珍妮语法功能,：,利用调核位置确定语调组的划分，以区别语法结构,区分宾语从句和状语从句,,Please ‘wire / if she is to ,come.,,如果她要来，请拍电报告诉我Please ‘wire ‘if she is to ‘come.,,请拍电报告诉我是否她要来表态功能,：,反映感情状态,,I ‘can’t say I,a’gree,.,,I ‘can’t say I,a,gree,.,,,--What’ your opinion of this article?,,-- it’s ‘quite,o,riginal,.,,it’s ,quite,o,riginal,.,口气严峻,,语气委婉,认真热情,,态度冷漠，兴趣不大,英语语调音域宽广、调型复杂、变化细腻,,汉英语的节奏与韵律对比,,节奏形式：,重音节拍语言与音节节拍语言,,汉语的节奏特点,汉语属于音节节拍语，汉语中音节（字）的数目是节奏的基础。

离离,|,原上草，,,,一岁,|,一枯荣野火,|,烧不尽，,,,春风,|,吹又生敬亭,|,山下,|,橹声柔，,,,雨洒,|,江天,|,似梦游李谢,|,诗魂,|,今在否？,,,湖光,|,照破,|,万年愁英语的节奏,英语属于重音节拍语言,，取决于句子中重读音节的多少,,重读音节与非重读音节组成重音组，重音组就是重音节拍语言的节奏单位1,）,The 'boy is 'interested in,en'larging,his,vo'cabulary,.,,2,）,'Great 'progress is 'made 'daily.,英语的诗歌,'Break, 'break, 'break,,,On the 'cold grey 'stones, O 'sea!,,The Differences in Prosody,韵律对比,The Chinese traditional or classical poems are all in the fixed forms. In them there are three essential elements.,古典汉诗韵律三要素,,,1,）平仄,Ping-,Ze,( each of the first tone or the second tone is called “Ping”(,平,), the Flat; each of the third or the fourth is called “,Ze,”,（ 仄 ），,the Oblique.,,,2,）对仗,Duizhang,( the tone combined with lexical meaning).,,,3,）押韵,Rhyme,( words in the same vowels).,,1),Wujue,,（ 五绝 ）,,（仄）仄平平仄 白日依山尽,,平平仄仄平 黄河入海流,,（平）平平仄仄 欲穷千里目,,（仄）仄仄平平 更上一层楼,,,2),Qijue,(,七绝,),,（平）平（仄）仄仄平平 朝辞白帝彩云间,,（仄）仄平平仄仄平 千里江陵一日还,,（仄）仄平平平仄仄 两岸猿声啼不住,,（平）平（仄）仄仄平平 轻舟已过万重山,,3,）,Wuyanlu,(,五言律,),,,（仄）仄平平仄 国破山河在,,平平仄仄平 城春草木深,,（平）平平仄仄 感时花溅泪,,（仄）仄仄平平 恨别鸟惊心,,（仄）仄平平仄 烽火连三月,,平平仄仄平 家书抵万金,,（平）平平仄仄 白头搔更短,,（仄）仄仄平平 浑欲不胜簪,,4,）,Qiyanlv,(,七言律,),,,（平）平（仄）仄仄平平 孤山寺北贾亭西,,（仄）仄平平仄仄平 水面初平云脚低,,（仄）仄（平）平平仄仄 几处早莺争暖树,,（平）平（仄）仄仄平平 谁家新燕啄春泥,,（平）平（仄）仄平平仄 乱花渐欲迷人眼,,（仄）仄平平仄仄平 浅草才能没马蹄,,（仄）仄（平）平平仄仄 最爱湖东行不足,,（平）平（仄）仄仄平平 绿杨荫里白沙堤,,5,）,Cipai,(,词牌,),or,Changduanju,(,长短句,；,short verses combined with long ones),,,(,Yijiangnan,, for example),,,平（平）仄 江南好,,（仄）仄仄平平 风景旧曾谙,,（仄）仄（平）平平仄仄 日出江花红胜火,,（平）平（仄）仄仄平平 春来江水绿如蓝,,（仄）仄仄平平 能不忆江南,,汉语新诗,,Since the May Fourth Culture and Literature Movement, many poets introduced the Western prosody by translating the English poems as well as by creating new poetry forms. The new style is based on the English metric forms. Nowadays poets pay much more attention to the,metric sense groups called “Dun” (,顿,),,for instance:,,,,,别,,,沈紫曼,,,我是 轻轻 悄悄地 到来,,像水面 飘过 一叶 浮萍,,我又 轻轻 悄悄地 离开,,像林中 吹过 一阵 清风,,你爱 想起我 就想起 我,,像想起 一颗 夏夜的 星,,你爱 忘了我 就忘了 我,,像忘了 一个 春天的 梦,,The English Prosody,英语韵律,,,In contrast, the English language is an,intonation,,language,and its prosody is mainly made up of,metric foot (or meter),and,rhythm,. The metric foot is composed of unstressed and stressed syllables. The metric patterns fall into five:,,,英诗格律,Meter,指诗歌中重读音节和非重读音节的排列组合方式。

它的基本单位叫音步,Foot,，有,5,种主要的音步模式：,,,英诗中,5,种最常见的音步,:,,,1),抑扬格,Iamb,( an unstressed syllable + a stressed one ),,,I won-/,der,lone-/,ly,as / a cloud,,,2),扬抑格,Trochee,( a stressed syllable + an unstressed one ),Men of / England / wherefore / plough,,,3),扬扬格,Spondee,( a stressed syllable + a stressed one ),,,Break, break, break,,,4),抑抑扬格,Anapest,( two unstressed syllables + a stressed one ),,And the sound / of a voice / that is still,,,,5),扬抑抑格,The Dactyl,,( a stressed syllable + two unstressed ones),Touch her not / scornfully,,,汉诗根据每行字数分五言、七言；英诗根据音步数量划分。

英语诗行一般包含一个或一个以上的音步，常见的有：,,,monometer,单音步；,diameter,双音步；,,,trimeter,,三音步；,tetramenter,四音步；,,pentameter,五音步；,hexameter,六音步；,heptameter,七音步；,octameter,八音步,,,音步的种类和一行诗中音步的数目这两个因素构成各种英诗格律例如：,,,(1),五步抑扬格,(iambic pentameter),,,And swims / or sinks,/ or wades,/ or creeps, /or flies,,,(2),四步抑扬格,(iambic tetrameter),,,I won-/,der,lone-/,ly,as / a cloud,,That floats / on high / o’er vales /and hills,,When all / at once / I saw / a crowd,,A host / of,gol,-/ den,daf,- /,fodils,,Rhyme,英诗常见押韵方式,1),押头韵,Alliteration,,,The dreadful serpent drew near the sires,,,2),押尾韵,Consonance,,late / night,,,3),押腹韵,Assonance,,How now, brown cows!,,Rhyme,英诗常见押韵方式,英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式称韵法（,rhyming scheme,）。

常见有两行转韵（,AABB,）、隔行押韵（,ABCB,）、隔行交互押韵（,ABAB,）和交错押韵（,ABBA,）汉诗根据每行字数和行数等分五言、七言、绝句、律诗；英诗根据音步（,meter,）的种类、数量和押韵情况来分成各种格律，如：,,,1,）英雄双韵体,The Heroic Couplet,aa/bb/cc/dd,…,,2,）三行体（,Tercet,）,aba/bcb/cdc,3,行,1,组,,3,）四行体（,Quatrain,）,abab,or,abba,4,行,,4,）君王诗体（,Rhyme Royal,）,ababbcc,7,行,,5,）八行体（,Ottava,,Rima,）,,abababcc,8,行,,6,）斯宾塞式（,Spenserian Stanza,）,,ababbcbcc,9,行,,7,）十四行诗（,Sonnet,）,ababbcbcefefgg,14,行,,英雄双韵体,The Heroic Couplet,,,,1),每两行一对，押一个韵，两行一换韵，即,aa,bb cc,dd,…,不重复；,,,,2),每行为抑扬格五音步,,,诗歌欣赏，,next page…,,Pope’s “ Essay on Criticism’:,（英雄双韵体）,,,True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance,,,As those move easiest who have,learn’d,to dance,；,,’,Tis,not enough no Harshness gives Offence,,,The Sound must seem an Echo to the Sense.,,Soft is the Strain when Zephyr gently blows,,,And the smooth Stream in smoother Numbers flows;,,But when loud Surges lash the sounding Shore,,,The hoarse, rough Verse,shou’d,like the Torrent roar.,,When Ajax strives, some Rock’s vast Weight to throw,,,The Line too labors, and the Words move slow;,,Not so, when swift Camilla scours the Plain,,,Flies o’er,th,’ unbending Corn, and skims along the Main.,,Hear how,Timotheus,varied lays surprise,,,And bid alternate passions fall and rise!,,声音与意义,,亚历山大,.,蒲柏（英）,,流畅是出于艺术，不是偶然，,,要学会跳舞，才能舞姿翩翩。

不要满足于用词没有声病，,,声音该是意义的回声微风习习，声调也必须轻柔，,,溪水潺潺，当用轻快的节奏；,,而当惊涛裂岸，声浪喧天，,,要用粗犷的诗文如奔腾的狂澜；,,埃杰克用力将一块石头抛去，,,应用沉重的诗行，缓慢的字句；,,卡米拉在平原疾奔，飞过禾尖，,,掠过海面，声调也需将改变听听提摩西变幻莫测的歌声，,,使悲喜之情在歌声中交替升沉The Sonnet,（十四行诗）,,,,fourteen verses,,,in the rhyme pattern of “,ababbcbcefefgg”(Shakespearean,type),,or “,abbaabbacdccdc”(Italian,type):,,,,诗歌欣赏,next page…,,Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day ?,,Thou art more lovely and more temperate.,,Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,,,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:,,Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,,,And often is his gold complexion dimmed;,,And every fair from fair sometime declines,,,By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimmed:,,But thy eternal summer shall not fade,,,Nor lose possession of that fair thou,owest,;,,Nor shall Death brag thou,wanderest,in his shade,,When in eternal lines to time thou,growest,.,,So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.,,,,,Shakespeare: Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day,,英汉语音对比的意义,1,、帮助英语或汉语语音教学，帮助学习者正确发音,,,2,、帮助学习者更好掌握音译原则和技巧,,,3,、诗歌翻译领域具有重要意义,,1,、通过对比帮助正确发音,（音素）：,区别：英语的元音有长短之分，而汉语则没有。

结果：负迁移（中国学生经常无意识地将元音拉长或缩短，将单词读混举例：,chip pull & pool,,1,、通过对比帮助正确发音,（辅音群）：,,汉语：没有辅音群，语音结构有三种：,V(ao,); CV (Li); CVC (Nan).,辅音后总有元音紧跟英语：有各种辅音群可出现在词首或词尾如：,students(CCCVCVCCC); scripts (CCCVCCC).,,,结果：中国学生读英语时，无意识地在辅音群中或词尾的辅音后加元音举例：,green,读成,gareen,; desk,读成,deska,; /,pensl,/,读成,/pens l/.,,1,、通过对比帮助正确发音,（声调、重音）：,汉语：一般每个字只有一个音节，但每个音节的组成部分除了声母和韵母以外，还有声调声调起着区别和改变字义的重要作用声调有阴平、阳平、上声、去声 和零声调英语：有单音节词、双音节词和多音节词多音节词中包含重读音节、次重读音节和轻读音节，没有固定的声调结果：中国学生往往只会读英语单音节词读双音节词或多音节词时，不看重音标记，随意性强或者读不准重音，造成读音时停顿举例：,diagram,读成,diagram;productivity,读成,productivity.,,1,、通过对比帮助正确发音（,节奏,）,:,汉语：有声调搭配，除了一些轻声语助词念得较快较含糊外，一般每个字都念得字正腔圆，每个字所占的时间大致相等。

英语：讲究重轻音节的搭配，通常重音和轻音交替出现重音占的时间较长，轻音占的时间短结果：中国学生读英语时，一字一顿地念每个词，又会导致每个字之间加上不必要的音节举例：,last week I went to the theatre. I had a very good seat.,,2,、通过对比更好掌握音译原则和技巧,专有名词的音译主要有以下几个原则,:,,音译原则,1.,名从主人 （,To follow the pronunciation of the owners of proper names,）,:,,,England,英格兰,,,Deutsch,德意志,,,Paris,巴黎,,,Bankok,,曼谷,,,Phnom Penh,金边,,,Hiroshima,广岛,,,Nagasaki,长崎,,2,、通过对比更好掌握音译原则和技巧,,音译原则,2.,沿袭定译 （,To adopt the established popular translated names,）,:,,,,Caesar,凯撒 ？西洒,,,Eden,艾登 ？依邓,,,Bethune,白求恩 ？比森,,Shakespeare,莎士比亚 ？西克斯庇尔,,2,、通过对比更好掌握音译原则和技巧,,音译原则,3.,避免使用生僻词；避免使用可能有歧义的词；避免使用贬义词；尽量简洁，可略去个别含糊发音。

Balkan,巴尔干 ？岜佴澉,,,Niagara,尼亚加拉 ？泥睚迦儠,,,Vyshinsky,,维辛斯基 ？维新四纪,,,Guatemala,危地马拉 ？鬼帝麻辣,,,Cuba,古巴 ？苦粑,,,Ruanda,卢旺达 ？乱搭,,,Roosevelt,罗斯福 ？罗斯福尔特,,,Engles,,恩格斯 ？恩格尔斯,,诗歌翻译,诗歌翻译原则：,,,译诗要在不失真的条件下，尽可能传达原文的意美、音美、形美许渊冲）,,Splinter,,The voice of the last cricket,,across the first frost,,is one kind of good-by.,,It is so thin a splinter of singing.,,,Carl Sandburg,,残声吟,,原野铺初霜，,,蟋蟀声已残；,,似作告别语，,,片片何凄然萧立明译,,THANK YOU!,,。