管理学英语参考译文Unit4.docx

Unit 4 Organizational Design and Culture 组织设计与组织文化Text A A Formal or Informal Organization 正式组织或正式组织Pre-reading Task 课前阅读Read the following questions first, which will help you understand the text below better, and then answer the questions after reading the text carefully.先看下面的问题，这些问题将有助于你更好地理解后面的课文， 仔细地读完课文后再回答这些问题1. What is your personal understanding of an organization 你对组织的个人理解是什么2. Are there any conflicts between a formal and an informal organization正式组织和非正式组织之间存在冲突或矛盾吗3. Which type of organization is more commonplace in modern society, the formal or informal one在现代社会中，哪一种类型的组织更司空见惯（普遍）是正式组织还是非正式组织TextOrganization is a word many people use loosely. Somewould say it includes all the behaviors of all participants. Others would equate it with the total system of social and cultural relationships. Still others refer to an enterprise, such as the United States Steel Corporation or the Department of Defense, as an organization. But for most practicing managers, the term organization implies a formalized intentional structure of roles or positions.组织是很多人不精确使用的一个词。

一些人说组织包括所有参与者（成员）的所有行为其他人把 组织等同于社会和文化关系的整体系统还有其他人把企事业单位看成组织，比如美国钢铁公司或者国 防部但是对于大多数经理（实践管理者）来讲,组织这个术语暗指包括某些角色或职位（岗位）的有 着某种具体目的的机构（正式的意向结构） refer to ••-as把 当作）Organizations bring together people and other resources for a commonpurpose, whether that purpose is to build computers, learn about human psychology, or ship food to starving people.Each factor in the environment may help, hinder, or otherwise influence the organization. Forexample, there is a great demand for a product on the market, which might allow the organization to produce and sell large quantities of this product and make a sizable profit, while government restrictions such as mandatory safety attachments might make the product too expensive to be profitable.组织为了共同的目的而集合（汇聚）人力和其他资源，目的可能是制造计算机，了解人的心理，或 运送食物给饥民。

环境的每一种因素都可能帮助、阻碍或者影响着这个组织例如，市场上对某种产品 的需求量很大，这可能允许组织生产和销售大量的该项产品而获取相当大的利润， 同时由于政府的限制，比如强制的安全责任可能使得此类产品太贵而无利可图Organizations are the means through which people coordinate their work in modem society. Just as we must manage ourselves to accomplish our objectives, managers must manage organizations to accomplish their objectives.组织是指现代社会里的人们协调工作的凭借手段正像我们必须自我管理以实现我们的目标那样， 经理必须管理组织以实现组织目标Many writers on management distinguish between formal and informal organization. Both typesare found in organizations. In general, a formal organization means the intentional structure of roles in a formal organized enterprise. Describing an organization as formal, however, doesnot mean there is anything inherently inflexible or unduly confining about it. If a manager is to organize well, the structure must furnish an environment in which individual performance,both present and future, contributes most effectively to group goals. Essentially, the structure is the way that work is divided and coordinated among units of the organization.许多管理方面的作者区分正式组织和非正式组织。

这两种类型都可以在组织中找到总之，一个正 式组织意味着具有社会角色的正式组织起来的具有具体目的的企事业机构 （是指在正式组织起来的企事业单位里具有社会角色的特定目的的机构） 然而，把一个组织称为正式组织并不意味着对它有什么固有的（内在的）僵硬的、过分的限制如果一个经理要做好组织工作，组织结构必须提供一种环境，在 这个环境里，个人工作在现在和未来都能最有效地为团队（群体）目标做出贡献根本上，组织结构是 指在各个组织单元里进行划分工作和协调工作的手段（方式） A formal organization must be flexible. There should be room for discretion, for beneficial utilization of creative talents, and for recognition of individual likes and capacities in the most formal of organizations. Yet individual effort in a group situation must be channeled toward group and organizational goals.正式组织必须是灵活的。

在最正式的组织里，应该为自行处理事情、有利地利用创新人才、承认个 人爱好和能力而留有相应的空间（余地） 当然，在集体环境中个人工作（努力）必须被引导指向群体目标和组织目标Formal organizations are designed by management to establish reporting relationships, define responsibilities, and coordinate work. However, it would be unreasonable to assume that any group of five or ten top executives could define specific responsibilities and design a network of reporting relationships for hundreds or thousands of individuals that would function flawlessly, exactly as defined in some cases, in fact, formally defined relationships do not actually facilitate the accomplishment of work.管理人员设计正式组织以建立汇报关系，明确责任和协调工作。

然而，没有道理的事情是任何一个 具有5到10个高层管理者的群体就能明确具体责任，能为成百上千的员工个人设计一个在某些情况下 完全按照定义那样完美地运行的报告关系网络，事实上，正式确定的（工作）关系并不能真实地有利于 工作的实现Within every formal organization, there exists an informal organization -- an informal network of reporting relationships, levels of management, and division of labor. Informal organization is a network of personal and social relations neither established nor required by formal authority but arising spontaneously. The span of management refers to the number of people a manager can effectively supervise. A wide span of management results in few organizational levels, and a narrow span results in many levels. There is no definite number of people a manager can always effectively supervise; the number depends on several underlying factors. These include the degree of training of subordinates that is required 。