地球生态系统-圈层英文版.ppt

The Earth as a System Earth’s Spheres Earth System Science (ESS) • The study of the interactions between and among events and Earth’s spheres • A relatively new science (1988) Earth’s Sphere • Atmosphere • Hydrosphere • Lithosphere • Biosphere • Cryosphere • Anthrosphere Atmosphere • A gaseous sphere and it envelopes the Earth, • Consists of a mixture of gases composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. Hydrosphere • All of the water on Earth • 71% of the earth is covered by water and only 29% is terra firma Lithosphere • The Earth's solid surface, often called the crust of the earth. It includes continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of the Earth's interior. Biosphere • All life on earth, including man, and all organisms. • The life zone on our planet distinguishes our planet from the others in the solar system. Cryosphere • The portion of the Earth's surface where water is in a solid form • Snow or ice: includes glaciers, ice shelves, snow, icebergs, and arctic climatology Anthrosphere • Man and his direct ancestors, hominids. • The human population, it’s buildings,dams, and other constructions. Interconnected Spheres • Spheres are closely connected • Changes are often chain reactions • A change in one sphere results in changes in others - called an event – Forest fire destroys plants in an area • Interactions between spheres – No plants = erosion – Soil in water = increased turbidity – Turbidity = impacts water plants/animals Event Sphere • Causes & Effects • Interactions • Event Sphere • SphereSphere ESS Analysis • Events –Cause-effect events –Interactions – Natural events • Earthquake, hurricane, forest fires –Human caused events • Oil spill, air pollution, construction ESS Analysis • What spheres caused the event? Sphere Event • What are effects of the event on the spheres? Event Spheres • How do changes in one sphere impact on other spheres? Sphere Sphere Understanding Interactions • Global implications • Helps people predict outcomes • Preparation for natural disasters • Environmental impacts of human activities ESS Analysis • An Example - handout –Yellowstone Forest Fire • Group activity – Mt St Helen’s eruption, 1980 – Hurricane Andrew, 1992 。