中西翻译理论汇总.docx

翻译理论整理汇总翻译腔（translationeses ）是在译文中留有源语言特征等翻译痕迹的现象，严重的 翻译腔使译文读起来不够通顺出现翻译腔有时是很难免的形成翻译腔有以下几 个原因：1）英汉语言本身的不同，包括句型结构等，在翻译时如果不能做到自由转 换就会有种不是地道目标语的感觉2）英汉文化的不同，不同的文化背景下，单词 或习语有时会出现偏差甚至零对等（zero-correspondence）有时只讲词对词的反 应就会出现翻译腔3）译者自身水平奈达的功能对等就要求译者注重译文对读者 的影响，好的译文让读者感觉是母语的写作、实现功能的对等Venuti主张同化和 异化的结合，通过同化让读者获得相识的反应，通过异化使读者领略异国语言和文 化译者应该提高自己翻译水平，在翻译策略上实现功能对等，从而尽量避免翻译 腔的出现1. 中国的翻译理论家严复、茅盾、鲁迅、朱光潜、傅雷、钱钟书1） 严复信、达、雅 faithfulness、 expressiveness、 elegance/gracefulness2） 茅盾他也主张“直译”，反对“意译”，他认为汉语确实存在语言组织上欠严密的不足， 有必要吸引印欧语系的句法形态。

但是矛盾与鲁迅观点同中有异，他认为“直译” 并不是“字对字”，一个不多，一个不少因为中西文法结构截然不同，纯粹的“字 对字”是不可能的3）鲁迅鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”是“凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然是力求易解，一则 保存着原作风姿”，这是鲁迅的基本思想针对当年那种“牛头不对马嘴”的胡译、 乱译以及所谓“与其信而不顺，不如顺而不信”的说法（梁秋实），提出了 “宁信而 不顺”这一原则，主张直译，以照顾输入新表现法和保持原作的风貌他还认为， 翻译一要“移情”、“益志”，译文要有“异国情调”，二要“输入新的表现法”，以改 进中文的文法，在当时主要表现为改进白话文必须强调的是，鲁迅其实是主张翻 译要通顺，乂要忠实的只是二者不可兼得的情况下，“宁信而不顺”4） 林语堂他是在中国议学史上第一个最明确地将现代语言学和心理学作为翻译理论的“学 理剖析”的基础的了解翻译的三条标准：忠实、通顺和美5） 朱光潜他的翻译标准是：第一，不违背作者的意思；第二，要使读者在肯用心了解时能 够了解6） 傅雷的“神似说”（spirit alikeness）傅雷对翻译有两个比喻，一是“以效果而言，翻译应该像临画一样，所求的不在 形似而在神似”。

二是就手法而言“以甲国文字传达乙国文字所包含的那些特点，必 须像伯乐相马，要得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其外”7）钱钟书的“化境”说（sublimation）所谓“化境”（sublimation）,是指原作在译文中就像“投胎转世”，躯体换了一 个，但精魄依然故我换句话说，译本对原作应该忠实得读起来不像译本，因为作 品在原文里绝不会读起来想翻译出的东西的：“文学翻译的最高理想可以说是‘化’， 把作品从一国文字转换成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的 痕迹，乂能完全保存原作的风味，那就算得入于‘化境’”2. 国外的翻译理论家1） John DrydenMetaphrase（逐词译），turning an author word by word, and line by line, from one language into another.Paraphras e（释译），or translation with latitude, where the author's words are not so strictly followed but his sense.Imitation（拟议）， where the translation assumes the liberty, bot only to vary fro the words and the sense, but to forsake them both as he sees occasion.2） Alexander Fraser Tytlera. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.b. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character withthat of the original.c. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition.3) Eugene A. NidaNida: translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 所谓翻译，就是从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而乂最自然的对等语再现原语的信 息。

Reproducing the message; Equivalence rather than identity; A natural equivalent; The closest equivalent; The style;Dynamic equivalence is to describe it as "the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message". This type of definition contains three essential terms: 1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language message; 2) natural, which points roward the receptor language, and 3)closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation.4) Peter Newmark1. Semantic translation: "is personal and individual follows the thought processes of the author, tends to over-translate, pursues nuances of meaning, yet aims at concision in order to reproduce pragmatic impact", expressive (literary) texts tend more toward the semantic method of translation.语义性翻译：屈从原语文化和原作者，翻译原文的语义，只在原文的内涵意义 构成理解的最大障碍时才加以解释。

属超额翻译2. Communicative translation: on the other hand, "attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership". Informative and non-literary texts require communicative translation.交际性翻译：译作所产生的效果应力求接近原作，首先终于译语和译文读者， 即使原语屈从译语和译语文化，不给读者留下任何疑点和难懂之处，属欠额翻译5) Skopostheory德国目的论1. Translation Studies returns the attention to the Receptor side.Skopostheory begins by seeing translation as a purposeful "action", which lead to "a result, a new situation, and possibly to a 'new' object". The aim of the translational action and the way in which it is realized is not random, but must be "negotiated with the client who commissions the action". The ends justify the means.2. As Vermeer insists: "if therefore follows that source and target texts may diverge from each other quite considerably not only in the formulation and distribution of the content but also as regards the goals which are set for each".6) HolmesHe divides Translation Studies into two major branches, Pure andApplied , and then sun-divides the Pure into two further sub-branches: "Theoretical" and "Descriptive" Translation Studies.Translation Methods:1. Word -for word translationThis is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word-for-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language of to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.2. Literal translationThe SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lex。