B级考试语法及词汇考点.doc

1B 级考试英语语法表格示意图一．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an ） ，定冠词（the ） ，和零冠词I. 不定冠词的用法：1 指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于 every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于 the same We are nearly of an age.5 ◆用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6 ◆用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, in a wordII. 定冠词的用法：1 表示某一类人或物（这种泛指不需掌握） The horse is a useful animal.2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 ◆用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded6 ◆表示“一家人”或“夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9 ◆在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s，对比 in the 1960s 和 in his 60s10 ◆用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour. (按小时计费)11 ◆用于方位名词，身体部位名词，表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.（the 不能换成 my）III. 零冠词的用法：1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3 ◆季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring 但 the Spring Festival4 ◆表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 ◆学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 He likes playing football/chess.6 ◆与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.IV 有无冠词的词汇或词组的对比不可数名词的具体化用作可数名词cloth（布料 —不可数）与 a table cloth（桌布） ；beer ( 啤酒 )与 a beer（一杯啤酒） ；glass（玻璃）与 a looking glass（镜子）◆相似词组的对比in charge of / in the charge of; in case of / in the case of;in front of / in the front of; out of question / out of the question 2二、数词I．序数词 one two three…与基数词 first second third ...II．分数 one third 三分之一 / two thirds 三分之二…III．数词的重要表达1 Tens of millions of 复数名词； thousands of 复数名词；dozens of / scores of 表示许多2 Three dozen eggs 三打鸡蛋； three score students 六十位学生（三个 20） ；3 A ten-year-old boy；a 300-word composition；a two-minute drive；two minutes’ dive4 In the sixties 在六十年代/ in his sixties 在他六十多岁时5 A great number of 复数名词/ the number of 复数名词/ a large amount of 不可数名词三．代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they1 人称代词 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their2 物主代词 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6 关系代词◆ that, which, who, whom, whose, asone/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, 7 不定代词other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：◆不定代词用法 示例one one 可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。

One should learn to think of others.1. some 多用于肯定句2. 也可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等3. some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some 表示某个， any 表示任何一个4. some 和数词连用表示“大约”I have some questions to ask. Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.There are some 3,000 students in this school.someany1. any 多用于疑问句和否定句2. some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some 表示某个， any 表示任何一个3. any 可与比较级连用表示程度Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.Please correct the mistakes, if any.Do you feel any better today?3each 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上each 可以单独使用，后面不跟名词Each student has a pocket dictionary.Each (of us) has a dictionary.We each have a dictionary.eachevery every 强调整体，所指的数是三个或三个以上。

every 后接名词，every one 可以后接 of 结构Every student has strong and weak points. Every one of us has strong and weak points.none 作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.none nono 等于 not any，作定语 There is no water in the bottle.other 泛指 “另外的，别的 ”常与其他词连用the other+单数名词，特指两者中的另外一个the other+复数名词=the others（表示在一定范围中的其他…）other+复数名词=others（没有范围的其他…）如：the other day, every other weekHe held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but the others passed the exam.（our class 是一个明确的范围）Some like football, while others like basketball.other anotheranother 指“又一个，另一个”无所指 The trousers are too long. Please give me another pair.all botheitherneithernoneall+复数名词，表示三个或以上概念all 表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。

both+复数名词，表示两个either+单数名词，表示两个中的一个neither 表示两个都不none 表示三个或以上都不全部否定用 neither 和 none.（表示“都不是” ）（both/all 与 not 搭配表示“不都是” ）All of the books are not written in English. All that glitters is not gold.（发光的不都是金子 ）Both of us are not teachers. 我们俩不都是教师Either of the two answers is acceptable.Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师None of us is / are a teacher.我们都不是教师四．形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1 修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everyt。