现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter3&4.doc

Chapter 3 Word-Formation（I）构词法n 3.1 General Remark 概述n 3.2 Compounding 复合构词法n 3.3 Derivation 派生构词法 3.3.1 Prefixation 加前缀 3.3.2 Suffixation 加后缀n 3.4 Conversion 词类转换法3.1 General Remarks  概述l The three major processes l Ø Composition or compounding (27%) raindrop,snow-white,baby-sitØ Affixation or derivation (17.5%) –prefixation前缀法: deescalate; antiheroØ  -suffixation后缀法: hawkish; modernizeØ Conversion (10.5%)  battle (v.) buy(n.)l The eight minor processes of word-formation:a) Initialisms and acronyms(about 9%)首字母缩略法:U.N.,TV,UNESO,NATO;b) Blending (about 6%)拼缀法:brunch ,telex,airtel;c) Clipping (about 2%)口语省略表达:phone,flue,lab;d) Words from proper names(about 2%):an Uncle Tom, xerox;e) Back formation(about 1%)反成法:gangle ,vacuumclean;f) Reduplication(about 0.5%)重叠法:walkie-talkie,go-go;g) Neo-classical formations (about 4%)新古典主义构词法:psychedelic,neurolinguistics;h) Others(about 3%):pizzazz,gazuumpl Some basic concepts of word-formation1. Word-formation rules2. Root,stem,base:Ø Root词根: is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphologyØ Stem词干: the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.Ø Base词基: any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.Eg. undesirables = un + desire + able + s Base: desirable → desire (base) undesirable → desirable (base) undesirables → undesirable (base)denationalized = de + nation + al + ize + dRoot: nation Stem: denationalize Base: national→ nation nationalize→ national denationalize→ nationalize denationalized → denationalizedesirable: desire (root or base, not stem) undesirable: desirable (base, not root, not stem) undesirables: undesirable (stem or base, not root) desired: desire (root, stem or base) 3.2 Compounding 复合构词法Compounding / composition复合构词法: A word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit. Eg. flowerpot= flower + pot machine-independent= machine + independentl The relative criteria of a compound 1. Orthographic criterion书写标准: Compounds are written in three ways, that is, solid, hyphenated and open. Ø Solid固定的: airtight ;airmail Ø Hyphenated:带连接符号的 air-conditioningØ Open公开的: air force, air raid 2. Phonological criterion语音标准:Ø Compound accent: a main stress on the first element and secondary stress on the second element.Ø Normal phrase accent: a secondary stress on the first element and the main stress on the second element. 3. Semantic criterion: 语义表达标准 Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts. E.g. flowerpot-花盆workday-工作日backyard-后院*we can infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts n red tape(官样文章，烦琐拖沓的公事程序) dog days（the hottest day of the year）三伏天 flatfoot(a policeman)警察 blue blood (the quality of being a nobleman by birth)贵族血统 blue ribbon(an honor given to the winner of the first prize)最高荣誉 *we cannot infer the meaning from the meaning of its component parts l The classification of compounding复合构词的分类Compounds are classified according to parts of speech of the compounds and subdivided by the syntactic relation of the compounding element.Parts of speech: 1. Noun compounds名次合成词a) Subject and verbb) Verb and object c) Verb and adverbiald) Subject and object e) Restrictive relation f) Appositive relation 2. Adjective compounds形容词合成词a) subject and verb 主谓关系b) verb and object 动宾关系c) verb and adverbial 谓状关系d) noun and adjective3. Verb compounds动词合成词a) Those formed by back-formationb) Those formed by conversion *there are two types of syntactic relations in verb compounds-object +verb: housekeep“ to keep house” proof-read “to read and correct the printer's proof.-adverbial +verb: babysit “to sit with a baby” vacuum clean “to clean with a vacuum cleaner ”3.3 Derivation 派生构词法Derivation / affixation派生构词法: A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.Eg. recover = re + cover worker= work + erl A combining form[构词成分]: a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, but which now occurs only in derivatives.Eg. autobiography 自传文学 auto- = autos (Gk) = self self + life + writeautoalarm 自动报警器 (auto + alarm) autocracy 独裁政治 (auto + cracy)*Combining forms are distinguished from affixes by their ability to occur as one constituent of a word whose only other constituent is an affix. Eg . autocracy hydrography telephone autocracy 。