托福听力TPO7原文 Lecture 3-智课教育旗下智课教育.pdf

智 课 网 托 福 备 考 资 料托福听力TPO7原文 Lecture 3-智课教育旗下智课教育以下是小编为大家整理的托福听力TPO7原文中Lecture 3的文本内 容，希望大家能够认真阅读，不懂的地方可以参考翻译，相信会有所收 获 下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO7原文中Lecture 3的 文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大 家也可以登录智课教育论坛进行TPO练习，希望能够给准备托福听 力的同学带来帮助 TPO 7 Lecture 3 Anthropology Pro: So we've been discussing 16th century Native American life, and today we're going to focus on the Iroquois and Huron peoples. They lived in the northeastern great lakes region of North America. Now, back then, their lifes depended on the natural resources of the forests, especially the birch tree. The birch tree can grow in many different types of soils and is prevalent in that area. Now can anyone here describe a birch tree? Stu: They are tall and white, the bark, I mean.Pro: Yes. The birch tree has white bark, and this tough protective outer layer of the tree, this white bark, is waterproof. And this waterproof quality of the bark, it made it useful for making things like cooking containers, a variety of utensils. And if you peel birch bark in the winter, we call it “the winter bark”, another layer, a tougher inner layer of the tree adheres to the bark, producing a stronger material. So the winter bark was used for larger utensils and containers. Stu: I know people make utensils out of wood, but utensils out of tree bark? Pro: Well, birch bark is pliable and very easy to bend. The Native Americans would cut the bark and fold it into any shapethey needed, then secure it with cords until it dried. They could fold the bark into many shapes. Stu: So if they cooked in bowls made of birch bark, wouldn't that make the food taste funny? Pro: Oh, that's one of the great things about birch bark. The taste of the birch tree doesn't get transferred to the food. So it was perfect for cooking containers. But the most important use of the bark, by far, was the canoe. Since the northeast region of North American is interconnected by many streams and waterways, water transportation by vessels like a canoe was most essential. The paths through the woods were often overgrown, so water travel was much faster. And here's what the Native Americans did. They would peel large sheets of bark from the tree to form lightweight yet sturdy canoes. The bark was stretched over frames made from tree branches, stitched together and sealed with resin. You know that sticky liquid that comes out of the tree? And when it dries, it's watertight.One great thing about these birch bark canoes was, uh, they could carry a large amount of cargo. For example, a canoe weighing about 50 pounds could carry up to nine people and 250 pounds of cargo. Stu: Wow! But how far could they travel that way? Pro: Well like I said, the northeastern region is interconnected by rivers and streams and the ocean at the coast. The canoes allow them to travel over a vast area that today would take a few hours to fly over. You see, the Native Americans made canoes of all types, for travel on small streams or on large open ocean waters. For small streams, they made narrow, maneuverable boats, while, while larger canoes were needed for the ocean. They could travel throughout the area only occasionally having to portage, to carry the canoe over a landshort distance to another nearby stream. And since the canoes were so light, this wasn't a difficult task. Now how do you think this affected their lives? Stu: Well if they could travel so easily over such a large area, they could trade with people from other areas which I guess would lead them to form alliances? Pro: Exactly. Having an efficient means of transportation, well, that helps the Iroquois to form a federation linked by natural waterways. And this federation expanded from what is now Southern Canada all the way south to the Dalever River. And this efficiency of the birch bark canoe also made an impression on newcomers to the area. French traders in the 17th century modeled their...well they adopted the design of the Iroquois birch bark canoes, and they found they could travel great distances more than 15 kilometers a month.Now besides the bark, Native Americans also used the wood of the birch tree. The young trees were used as supports for lodgings, with the waterproof bark used as roofing. Branches were folded into snowshoes. And the Native American people were all adept at running very fast over the snow in these birch branch snowshoes, which if you ever tried walking in snowshoes you know it wasn't easy. 《人类学》 独白：听一段人类学课堂上的讲座 教授：我们一直都在讨论16世纪美洲原住民的生活，今天我们准备 来讨论一下Iroquois和Hooray人。

他们住在北美东北地区的五大湖区 当时他们的生活主要依赖森林中的自然资源，尤其是白桦树白桦树 可以在很多中土壤中生长并且在那个区域十分盛行，有没有人能描述一 下白桦树? 学生：它们很高，树皮很白 教授：是的桦树有着白色的树皮，这种坚硬的保护外皮是防水的 ，而这样的特性使得白桦树可以用作烹饪器具，各种各样的器具而且如果你在冬天剥去白桦树的树皮，我们叫它“冬树皮”，另外一层更加 坚硬的紧贴树皮的树层可以生产出更强硬的材料所以冬树皮就作为更 大的器具和容器了 学生：嗯，我知道人们用木头做器具，但是用树皮做器皿? 教授：是这样，桦树皮柔韧性很强极易弯曲，美洲原住民经常切断 树皮并且把它们折成各种需要的形状，然后再用绳子固定，直到它们彻 底干燥下来他们能把树皮做成千奇百怪的形状 学生：那么他们要是用桦树皮做成的碗做饭，食物的味道是不是会 尝起来怪怪的? 教授：这恰恰是桦树皮的一大优点桦树皮的味道并不会浸到食物 里面，所以它可以作为理想的炊具但是树皮最重要的用途是作为独木 舟由于北美的东北区域处在河流航道交汇的地带，水上运输像独木舟 这样的船运就显。