国开大学2018年01月《高级商务英语阅读》商务英语（国际）考试真题.pdf

试卷代号:1360国家开放大学(中央广播电视大学)2017年秋季学期开放本科期末考试高级商务英语阅读试题2018年1月注意事项一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌子上试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场监考人收完考卷和答题纸后才可离开考场二、仔细读懂题目的说明，并按题目要求和答题示例答题答案一定要写在答题纸的指定位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效Information for the examinees:This examination consists of three parts.They are:Section One:Reading Comprehension(75 points,70 minutes)Section Two:Words(10 points,10 minutes)Section Three:Translation(15 points,10 minutes)The total marks for this examination are 100 points.Time allowed for completing this examination is 90 minutes.1230 Section One Reading Comprehension(75 points)Part 1 Questions 1-7.(21 points)Read the following passage and then match the statements(1-7)to the letter(A,C or D).(3 points each)Insurability A Risks which can be insured by private companies typically share seven common characteristics:Since insurance operates through po01ing resources,the majority of insurance p01icies are provided for individua1 members of 1arge classes,allowing insurers to benefit from the 1aw of 1arge numbers in which predicted 10sses are simi1ar to the actua1 10sses.Exceptions include Lloyds of London,which is famous for insuring the 1ife or hea1th of actors,sports figures and other famous individua1s.However,all exposures will have particu1ar differences,which may 1ead to different premium rates.The 10ss takes p1ace at a known time,in a known p1ace,and from a known cause.The classic examp1e is death of an insured person on a life insurance p01icy.Fire,automobi1e accidents,and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion.Other types of 10sses may on1y be definite in theory.Occupationa1 disease,for instance,may inv01ve pr010nged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time,p1ace or cause is identifiab1e.Ideally,the time,p1ace and cause of a 10ss shou1d be clear enough that a reasonab1e person,with sufficient information,cou1d objective1y verify all three e1ements.B The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim shou1d be fortuitous,or at 1east outside the contr01 of the beneficiary of the insurance.The 10ss shou1d be pure,in the sense that it resu1ts from an event for which there is on1y the opportunity for cost.Events that contain specu1ative e1ements,such as ordinary business risks or even purchasing a 10ttery ticket,are generally not considered insurab1e.The size of the 10ss must be meaningfu1 from the perspective of the insured.Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of 10sses,p1us the cost of issuing and administering the p01icy,adjusting 1osses,and supp1ying the capita1 needed to reasonab1y assure that the insurer will be ab1e to pay claims.For sma1l10sses these 1atter costs may be severa1 times the size of the expected cost of 10sses.There is hard1y any point in payng such costs un1ess the protection offered has rea1 va1ue to a buyer.1231 C If the likelihood of an insured event is so high,or the cost of the event so large,that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered,it is not likely that the insurance will be purchased,even if on offer.Further,as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards,the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer.If there is no such chance of loss,the transaction may have the form of insurance,but not the substance.There are two elements that must be at least estimable,if not formally calculable:the probability of loss,and the attendant cost.Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise,while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.D 1nsurable losses are ideally independent and non-catastrophic,meaning that the losses do not happen a11 at once and individuallosses are not severe enough to bankrupt the insurer;insurers may prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some sma11 portion of their capital base.Capital constrains insurers ability to sell earthquake insurance as well as wind insurance in hurricane zones.1n the US,flood risk is insured by the federal government.ln commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is we11 in excess of any individual insurer s capital constraint.Such properties are generally shared among several insurers,or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.Now match the statements(1-7)to the letter(A,C or D).1.When the administrative costs are larger than the loss of the accident,it is not insurable.2.Reinsurance is normally used to share catastrophic losses that involve large amounts.3.The insured loss should be either forma11y calculable or at least estimable.4.The event that causes a claim shoul。