论自然ppt课件.ppt

Nature —Ralph Waldo Emerson向佳、刘俊明、刘清馨、程媛媛、孙琴向佳、刘俊明、刘清馨、程媛媛、孙琴Introduction nFull name Ralph Waldo EmersonnBorn May 25,1803 bostonnDied April 27,1882(aged 78) nRegion Western Philosophy nRalph Waldo Emerson was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet , who led the Transcendentalist movement超验主义 of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society. Emerson formulated and expressed the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay, Nature. Following this ground-breaking work, he gave a speech entitled The American Scholar in 1837, which Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence".Nature nNature is in this essay that the foundation of transcendentalism is put forth, a belief system that espouses a non-traditional appreciation of nature. 1. Transcendentalism suggests that divinity diffuses all nature, and speaks to the notion that we can only understand reality through studying nature. 2.A visit to the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris inspired a set of lectures delivered in Boston and subsequently the ideas leading to the publication of Nature.naturen To go into solitude ,a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as form society.n人不仅要远离社会，还要远离书房，方可进入孤独的境界。

nBut if a man would be alone ,let him look at the stars.n凝望群星吧，它会让你体验到什么是孤独nThe stars awaken a certain reverence, because though always present, they are always inaccessible ;but all natural objects make a kindred impression, when the mind is open to their influence. Nature never wears a mean appearance.繁星虽然每晚都会出现，人类却无法接近，也因而对其心生敬畏之情当你放开心灵却感受万物时，你会发现一切自然之物都像星辰那样，令人产生类似的感觉大自然从不平凡nIn the presence of nature, a wild delight runs though the man, in spite of real sorrows. Yet the power to produce this delight does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both..Eight partsThe world is made up of commodity, beauty, language and discipline.n A man is fed, not that he may be fed, but that he may work.nThus is art a nature passed though the alembic of man. .thus in art does nature work through the will of a man filled with the beauty of her first works. the word thus exits to the soul to satisfy the desire of beauty（an ultimate end.）nAt first, Language appears in the form of poem to express spirit by nature.nThe perceptual knowledge（感性认识）（感性认识） of the world combines Reasoning Ability into our thinking.-,our knowledge.nIdealism nature is ideal to me so long as I cannot try the accuracy of my sense.nSpirit (is through nature)n prospectsHistorynOf the books of this mind histroy is the record,its genius is illustrated by the entire series of days. Man is explicable by nothing less than all his history. We are sorrounded by history ,and human mind wrote history ,civil and natural history ,the history of art and literature ,must be explained from in dividual history or must remain words .There is nothing but is related to us ,nothing that does not interest us. What is the foundation of that interest all men feel in Greek history ,letters art and poetry? Because the manners of that period are plain and fierce ,there are some personal qualities,courage ,address,self-command ,justice,strength swiftness,a loud voice.people can get experience and spritits from history.nStudents must read history actively and not passively ,to esteem his own life the text and books the commentary .It is because that there is no age or state of society or mode of action in history to which there is not somewhat corresponding in his life.nTwo facts ,namely that ,the mind is one and nature is its correlative .history is to be read and written . What connection do the books show us fifty or sixty chemical and the historical eras?nSo ,every history should be written in a wisdom which looked at facts as symbols.we are shamed to see what a shallow tale our so-called history is.nwe must write our history deeper and broader from an ethical reformation,from an influx of the ever new,ever sanative conscience, if we would express our central and wide-related nature ,instead of this old chronology of selfshness and pride to which have too long lent our eyes.Self-relianceIntroduction nThis section contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's repeating themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. It tells us how to be a true person and why we must be self-reliant. It also mentions two factors (obedience and consistency) that influenced self-reliance. Self-reliance gives people deep impressions and encourages them to be confident and independent. It is an expression of Transcendentalism. And it chiefly reflects confidence, independence and individual thoughts. Confidence is the core of this part.Some sentences to help us understand this part and Emerson’s ideas. nTrust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. nSociety everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members. nWhoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. nWhat I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think. nA foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines. With consistency a great soul has simply nothing to do. nIt is easy to see that a greater self-reliance must work a revolution in all the offices and relations of men; in their religion; in their education; in their pursuits; their modes of living; their association; in their property; in their speculative views. nTravelling is a fool's paradise. nInsist on yourself; never imitate. nSociety never advances. It recedes as fast on one side as it gains on the other. nThe civilized man has built a coach, but has lost the use of his feet. nSociety is a wave. The wave moves onward, but the water of which it is composed does not. nAnd so the reliance on Property, including the reliance on governments which protect it, is the want of self-reliance. nNothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles. nCombined with those three main parts of the Nature, we may reasonably arrive at some understandings that the Transcendetalism praise the intuition as the forceful sword to fight against the rationism and the authority. In some degrees, the existence of each individual is the representative of the God's will. People could acquire the truth and knowledge through his of her valuable intuition rather than feeling. The nature should be the guide of our human, we could ntake advantage of the nature to learn about the laws of the material world, the disciplines of mankinds' spirits or moralities.nWe should emphasize the value of ourselves' when we are related with the whole world, even when we are confusing about the real one of ourself. Only if we are capable of controlling ourself, can we control the times. If so, we may not only honored by ourself, but also remembered by others.。