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选修七第一单元语法.doc

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    • Unite 1语法:动词不定式动词不定式的基本形式是“不定式符号to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to动词不定式没有人称和数的变化在句中不能单独作谓语,但仍保留动词的特性,可以有自己的宾语、状语等动词不定式同它的宾语和状语一起构成不定式短语例如:to sell flowers in the street 在街上卖花 to speak in the classroom 在教室里讲话不定式省to有四种情况:1、使役动词let, make, have等后接不定式例如:Let him go! The boss made the child labors work the whole night.2、would rather, had better后例如:You had better stay at home.3、Why…/Why not…后例如:Why not have a good rest on Sunday?4.感官动词see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find,notice等后作宾语补足语,省to。

      例如:I saw him dance.注意:这些情况在被动语态中,不可省to.例如:The child labors were made to work the whole night.1.不定式作主语 不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面  例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的  It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好  It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语2.不定式作表语   不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语例如:   My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。

         His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生3. 不定式作定语   不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作例如:   I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做   There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空 4. 不定式作状语 1)目的状语 常用结构为to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such)… as to…(如此…以便…)例如:   He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车   I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面 I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了   He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。

      3) 表原因I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了 4)表示理由和条件He must be a fool to say so.You will do well to speak more carefully. 5. 不定式作补语 1) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构例如:advise Allow cause Challenge command compeldrive 驱使 enable encourage Forbid force impelinduce instruct invite like/love order permitmake Let have Want get warnpersuade request send Tell train urge 例如;Father will not allow us to play on the street.  父亲不让我们在街上玩耍      The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。

      现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去例如:consider Find believe Think declare(声称) appointguess fancy(设想) guess Judge imagine know 例如:We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋to be 不能省去)典型例题   Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing  C. to have invented  D. having invented  答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、Dconsider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。

      例如:believe expect intend Like love meanprefer Want wish Understand 例如:  We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里 You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧6. It's for sb.和 It's of sb.这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别 1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如:   It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的 2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。

      例如:   It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了用for还是用of 的另一种辨别方法:  用介词for或of后面的逻辑主语作句子的主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子如果通顺用of,不通则用for例如:   You are nice. (通顺,所以应用of)   He is hard.  (非所表达的意思,不通,因此用for7.用作介词的to to 可以用作介词,也可用作不定式的标示下面的to 都用作介词:admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to开始look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to8. 省去to 的动词不定式 1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外) 后2) 使役动词 let, have, make后,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。

      注意:被动语态中不能省去to例如:  I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞  =He was seen to dance.  The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活  =They were made to work the whole night.3) would rather,had better句型后4) Why… / why no…句型后5) help 后可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:6) but和except后but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩   He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信7) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。

      例如:  He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人9.动词不定式的否定式在不定式标志to前加上not例如:   Tell him not to shut the window让他别关窗  She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见10.不定式的特殊句型too…to… 1)too…to  太…以至于…例如:  He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来  ---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动2) 如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为"不太"例如:  It's never too late to mend.。

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