
吸烟与口、咽、喉癌.doc
42页1吸吸菸菸與與口口、、咽咽、、喉喉癌癌第一章 緒論第二章 吸菸與咽、喉癌相關之流行病學研究 第三章吸菸與口、咽、喉癌相關基因病變及其他致癌機轉第一節 菸導致口、咽、喉癌基因病變之研究第二節 菸致癌物與口、咽、喉癌個体易感受性基因學研究第四章 結論與建議2吸菸與口、咽、喉癌摘要口、咽、喉癌的發生率,在台灣最近幾年一直在增加中, 由於菸草煙霧含有 4,800 多種化學物質,其中有 69 種致癌成分,因此吸 菸被公認是口、咽、喉癌重要的誘因之一,尤其對於喉癌而言絕 大部分口、咽、喉癌流行病學之研究,發現吸菸可增加罹患 口、咽、 喉癌的機會:吸菸量越多,菸草濃度越高,吸菸時間越久,罹患口、咽、 喉癌的相對危險率越高;將煙吸入咽喉及不用濾嘴者,罹患口、咽、喉 癌的相對危險率也越高;戒菸時間越久,罹患口、咽、喉癌的相對危險 率則越低菸草內的尼古丁可使 口腔表皮細胞增生,尼古丁經亞硝化 劑作用後 ,會形成菸草特有的亞硝胺 ,如 NNK 或 NNN,會使得 DNA 發生甲基化,造成 DNA 複製時產生轉同或轉異突變另外菸草產 生的 化學物質 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,如 benzo(a) pyrene,容易使 p53 基因產生點突變 。
菸草的煙霧內含有很多化 合物 ,包括誘變劑、致癌物及自由基 ,可抑制 DNA 的複製與修補, 會增加淋巴球的 sister chromatid exchange,可使單股 DNA 斷裂 ,抑制 DNA 合成,可增加肺癌者脆弱點 FRA3B 的斷裂,可使口腔癌者 FHIT mRNA 異常,FHIT 蛋白質減少或消失,肺腺癌者的致癌基因 K-ras 也會 出現突變藥物或致癌物質的 代謝,在人體內是經兩階段的代謝酵素 完成的,第一相(phase I) 的代謝酵素以 cytochrome P450 為主,可使惰性 的內源性或外來致癌 物質,活化成有毒性或致癌 性的中間產物,而和 核酸或蛋白質共價鍵結,造成基因的破壞第二相(phase II)的代謝酵素 包括 glutathione S-transferase,N-acetyl transferase,UDP glucuronosyl transferase,epoxide hydrolase 等,可使活化的中間產物形成親水性物質, 而被排出體外,具有解毒作用大部分代謝酵素的活性有差異性,每個 人有不同程度的酵素活性,因而決定不同的代謝能力及致癌感受性 。
如果吸菸量增加,第一相活化酵素能力強,而第二相酵素解毒或修補 DNA 的能力低,則罹患與吸菸有關的癌症之危險性大增;反之,若吸菸 量少,第一相活化酵素能力弱,而第二相酵素解毒或修補 DNA 的能力 強,則罹患與吸菸有關的癌症之危險性便大為減少除了代謝酵素的能力之外,DNA 修補能力的好壞,也與致癌的差異性有關,修補能力較差 的變異型基因,可增加罹患 口、咽、喉癌的危險性關鍵詞:關鍵詞:口口咽咽喉喉癌癌、、 吸吸菸菸、、 p53 基基因因 、、基因多型性基因多型性3Smoking and Oro-Pharyngo-Laryngeal CancersAbstract The incidence of oro-pharyngo-laryngeal cancers in Taiwan is increasing in the recent years. Among 4,800 chemical substances found in the cigarette smoke, there are 69 compounds carcinogenic to humans. Cigarette smoke is thought to be one of the important risk factors for oro-pharyngo-laryngeal cancers, especially for laryngeal cancers. Most epidemiological studies show that cigarette smoking may increase the risk for oro- pharyngo-laryngeal cancers. The more packs-years of black cigarettes are consumed, the more relative risks for oro- pharyngo-laryngeal cancers are found. Smoke inhalation without a filter may increase the risk for oro-pharyngo-laryngeal cancers also. The longer the quitting of smoking is, the lower risk for oro-pharyngo-laryngeal cancers will be. The nicotine in the cigarette can induce hyperplasia of oral mucosa. After nitrosating, the nicotine becomes the tobacco-specific nitrosamine: NNK or NNN. They will induce DNA methylation and produce nucleotide transition or transversion during replication. Besides, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, such as benzo(a)pyrene produced during smoking will damage the p53 gene via point mutation. The cigarette smoke contains many compounds, including mutagens, carcinogens and free radicals. They may inhibit DNA replication and repair, increase sister chromatid exchange in lymphocytes, induce single strand DNA break and inhibit DNA synthesis. The patients of lung cancers with smoking habit have more DNA breaks in fragile FRA3B. Multiple molecular alterations of FHIT, including aberrant mRNA and decreasing expression of FHIT protein are found in smoking-associated oral cancers. Cigarette smoking is strongly associated with mutation of the K-ras gene in patients with primary adenocarcinoma of the lung. Drugs or carcinogens are metabolized by two phases of enzymes in human. The principal phase I enzyme: cytochrome P450 will activate inert endogenous or exogenous procarcinogens, which turn out to be active intermediates and form DNA adducts. The phase II enzymes include glutathione S-transferase,N- acetyl transferase,UDP glucuronosyl transferase,epoxide hydrolase etc. The active intermediates will become hydrophilic and excreted through the 4metabolism of the phase II enzymes. The activities of most enzymes are variable and different individually. Genetic polymorphism determines the susceptibility of carcinogenesis. It, therefore, follows that exposure to the cigarette smoke in a ‘high phase I, low phase II metabolism’ individual might lead to more toxicity or oro-pharyngo-laryngeal cancers than that in a ‘low phase I, high phase II’ individual. In addition to the activities of metabolic enzymes, the repair of DNA is important for surveillance of carcinogenesis. The polymorphic gene with poor repair activity will enhance the risk of oro-pharyngo-laryngeal cancers.Key Words: oro-pharyngo-laryngeal cancers, cigarette smoking, p53 gene, genetic polymorphism5第第一一章章 緒緒論論根據國際疾病分類腫瘤學試用版(International Classification of Diseases for Oncology-Field Trial,ICD-O-FT),每種癌症有一個編 碼,其編碼和第九版國際疾病分類(ICD-9)相同,如 解剖學上的口 腔(oral cavity) ,包括上下唇(140)、齒 齦(143)、頰黏膜(145.0)、口 底(144)、舌前 2/3(141)、硬腭(145.2, 145.3, 145.5)、臼齒後三角區 (145.6);咽部(pharynx)包括鼻咽(nasopharynx)(147)、口咽(oropharynx) (146)及下咽(hypopharynx)(148),149 是指 咽和唇、口腔及咽之分界 不明部位〔1〕。
其中鼻咽癌和外界致癌物質關係不大,不在此介紹, 口咽包括軟腭、舌根部、扁桃區及後咽壁;下咽包括梨形窩、環狀 軟骨後區及食道以上的後咽壁;喉部(larynx)(161)包括聲門上區 (supraglottis)(含有聲室、假聲帶、杓狀軟骨、舌骨之上及之下會厭 軟骨、杓會厭襞) 、聲門區(glottis) 、聲門下區(subglottis) 在法 國喉上癌(epilaryngeal cancer)有其獨特的自然發展過程,故喉上部 (epilarynx)被獨立出來,它是聲門上喉部的一部分,包括會厭軟骨的 邊緣(epiglottis free border)、舌骨上會厭軟骨的後面(posterior surface。












