解破学25生殖系统p教学材料.ppt

Hunan University of Arts and ScienceHUMAN ANATOMY1 Question: How many reference lines in the thorax and abdomen? Answer: more than 12 reference lines which are listed below: Median lines: Anterior median line and posterior median line Axillary lines: Anterior axillary line, midaxillary line, posterior axillary line Sternal lines: Lateral sternal line, parasternal lineLateral sternal line, parasternal line Horizontal line: Subcostal line,transtubercular lineSubcostal line,transtubercular line Midclavicular line, scapular line, paravertebral line2 ContentChapter 5 The Alimentary System The General Description The Alimentary Canal. The Digestive Glands.3 The basic constituents of the digestive systemDigestive canalAccessory organsThe mouthThe pharynxThe esophagusThe stomachThe intestineThe teeth The tongueThe gallbladderThe salivary glandsThe liverThe pancreas消化系统5Stomach Liver IleumJejunumMajor salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Mouth DuodenumRectumLarge intestinePancreas6 Absorption of the nutrient components (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water) 营养物质的吸收 The main functions of the digestive system Ingestion of foods 摄入食物 Defecation 排便 : the elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces.7 The oral cavity 口腔 The pharynx 咽 The esophagus 食管 The stomach 胃 The small intestine 小肠 The large intestine 大肠Section 2 The Digestive Duct8 The oral cavity 口腔 The oral cavity includes two parts:The Oral Vestibule口腔前庭The Oral Cavity Proper固有口腔The oral cavity口腔前庭为口腔内牙龈、牙口腔前庭为口腔内牙龈、牙弓外侧部的部分，外界为唇弓外侧部的部分，外界为唇和颊，内界为牙龈和牙齿。

和颊，内界为牙龈和牙齿固有口腔上壁为硬腭和软腭，固有口腔上壁为硬腭和软腭，下壁为舌、粘膜和骨骼肌，侧下壁为舌、粘膜和骨骼肌，侧壁为牙弓、牙齿和牙龈壁为牙弓、牙齿和牙龈9The Oral Vestibule口腔前庭The Oral Cavity Proper固有口腔10 The Oral Vestibule 口腔前庭11 The Oral Cavity Proper 固有口腔12 It constitutes the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity (鼻腔). The palate (腭)Hard palate (硬腭)：an anterior 2/3 partSoft palate (软腭): a posterior 1/3 partThe palate 硬腭主要以骨腭为基础，覆盖黏膜而成 软腭由肌、肌腱和粘膜组成，后部斜向后下，称腭帆腭帆后缘游离，中央有向下的突起称腭垂 13Hard palate Hard palate ( (硬腭硬腭) )Soft palate Soft palate ( (软腭软腭) )Uvula Uvula ( (悬雍垂悬雍垂)14 The teeth (Dentes牙齿)Two setsDeciduous teeth 乳牙Permanent teeth 恒牙 Two sets for the teeth15 The Deciduous teeth 乳牙 20 in number, ten teeth in each mandibular and maxillary arch. 中切牙 侧切牙尖牙第一磨牙第二磨牙1617 The special points for the deciduous teeth Eruption萌发: starts at about 6 mouths of age and continues to the beginning of the 3rd year. Shedding脱落: occurs between the 6th and the 12th years with replacement by the permanent teeth.乳牙6个月大时开始萌发,3岁初出全,共20个.18 The Permanent teeth 恒牙 32 in number, sixteen in each mandibular and maxillary arch. 中切牙 侧切牙尖牙第一磨牙第二磨牙第三磨牙第一前磨牙第二前磨牙19Upper jawFrontRearLower jawupper jawlower jawincisors22canines11premolars22molars33 The components of the permanent teeth2021 The special points for the permanent teeth The first permanent molar第1恒磨牙: appears at about 6 years of age. The third molars (wisdom teeth)第3磨牙: many persons erupt at any time after the 12 years of age or not at all.22Comparsion between the milk teeth and permanent teeth2 sets for the human teethmilk teeth (乳齿)permanent teeth (恒齿)Delicate (易受损的) and will gradually fall out Replace the milk teethWill not be replaced by the new teeth if lostSmaller and whiter than the permanent teeth23 Gum gm: 牙龈 The parts of a toothCrown (齿冠)Neck (齿颈)Root (齿根)the region above the gumthe region surrounded by the gumthe region embedded inside the jawbone24基本结构附属结构 The structure of a toothEnamel (釉质)Dentine (牙质)Cement (牙骨质)Pulp cavity (髓腔)Periodontal membrane(牙周膜)Jawbone(腭骨)Gingiva(牙龈)Tooth structure25 Enamel (珐琅质)Enamel (珐琅质) the outermost, non-living, hard layer mainly made of calcium phosphate (磷酸钙) and a small amount of organic matter protects the tooth26 Dentine (牙本质)Dentine (牙本质) the middle layer hard and bone-like, but softer than enamel has strands (丝条) of the living cytoplasm(胞质) running through it27 Cement (牙骨质)Cement (牙骨质) an unusual form of bone covers the root of the tooth28 Pulp cavity (髓腔)Pulp cavity (髓腔) the innermost part contains living cells, blood vessels and nerves29 Periodontal membrane & JawbonePeriodontal membrane (牙周膜)Jawbone(牙槽骨)30牙整体结构示意图31 The tongue 舌 Two partsTongue body: anterior 2/3Tongue root: posterior 1/3Tongue parts The muscular organ is divided into two parts by the v-shaped terminal sulcus(界沟).bodyroot32 The foramen cecum of the tongue 舌盲孔vAt the apex of terminal sulcus there is a small median pit (洞), called the foramen cecum of tongue 舌盲孔.舌盲孔v舌盲孔为甲状舌管朝向咽的开口部的残存结构。

33 The papillae of the tongue 舌乳头Filiform papillae 丝状乳头 Fungiform papillae 菌状乳头 Foliate papillae 叶状乳头Vallate papillae 轮廓乳头菌状乳头、 叶状乳头、 轮廓乳头以及会厌等处的粘膜上皮内，均含有味蕾，为味觉感受器Papillae types There are 4 types of the papillae on the tongue.34 Filiform papillae Fungiform papillae Foliate papillae Vallate papillae35 The papillae of the tongue view36 The papillae of the tongue view37Masses of sub-mucosal lymphoid (淋巴的) tissue on the root of the tongue.舌扁桃体由许多淋巴组织构成的许多大小不等的突起组成 The lingual。