
Unit7Idratherbeblack.ppt
71页Unit-7-I'd-rather-be-Unit-7-I'd-rather-be-blackblackShirley Chisholm §Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm (November 30, 1924 – January 1, 2005) was an American politician, educator, and author. She was a Congresswoman, representing New York's 12th Congressional District for seven terms from 1969 to 1983. In 1968, she became the first black woman elected to Congress. On January 25, 1972, she became the first major-party black candidate for President of the United States and the first woman to run for the Democratic presidential nomination (Margaret Chase Smith had previously run for the Republican presidential nomination). She received 152 first-ballot votes at the 1972 Democratic National Convention.§ She was a passionate and effective advocate for the needs of minorities, women and children and has changed the nation's perception about the capabilities of women and African-Americans.§ She supported improved employment and education programs, expansion of day care, income support and other programs to improve inner city life and opportunity. She advocated for the end of the military draft and reduced defense spending.§ In 1970 she published her first book, Unbossed and Unbought. Her second book, The Good Fight, was published in 1973. §Boys and girls§Gender Bias in the Classroom § Expectations for girls and girls’ self-perceptions figure prominently. Girls are rewarded for docile, non-competitive behavior in early elementary school, while boasting and competitive behavior for boys is considered typical (Bauza). Girls lack self-confidence and deprecate their own skills, while their grades are the same or better as those of their male counterparts (Sanders). § Girls are more sensitive to social pressures, such as being perceived as a “bookworm” or “nerd” (Strauss). Girls perform better in an environment where there are no male observers (Sanders) because they tend to feel threatened by the competitive and physical tendencies of boys. Science and technology are often considered individual pursuits, and not cooperative or social pursuits, which have more appeal to girls (Strauss). § According to the U.S. Department of Education, boys’ performance in school has fallen behind that of girls. More boys drop out of high school, fewer boys enter college, and less young men pursue advanced degrees than young women. More boys are diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder than girls (possibly inaccurately), and this may be due to the innate differences in learning styles of boys and girls. §Boys are more inclined to activity, which may be construed as hyperactivity, while girls are better able to sit and listen and follow rules in a traditional classroom setting. Boys are also more likely to be diagnosed with other learning disabilities, such as mental retardation, hearing, visual and speech impairments. Diagnosing learning disabilities for boys at to young and age, and the resulting label they carry throughout their education is one possible explanation (Bauza). §Girls’ interests and priorities when it comes to learning are different from boys’. Boys like technology for its own sake (games) while girls want to know what technology can do for them. Boys focus on the task, and girls focus on the process (Nyangon). Boys are more spatially aware at a younger age, while girls learn language at a faster pace and are more social. Girls enjoy cooperative learning experiences, and are intimidated by competitiveness in a school situation. §Boys are not adverse to conflict, and science by nature involves questioning conventional wisdom (Strauss). Girls have aptitude and interest in communication, and technology provides new avenues for that, with e-mail and the Internet. Girls are empowered by electronic discussions, where they are not dominated by their male peers (Nyangon). Online learning opportunities level the playing field for girls, and girls feel more equal to boys in online discussions (Sanders).Racism in the United States §Racism in the United States has been a major issue since the colonial era. Historically, the country has been dominated by Whites. The heaviest burdens of racism in the country have fallen upon Native Americans, African Americans, Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, American Jews, Irish Americans and some other immigrant groups and their descendants.§Major racially structured institutions include slavery, Native American reservations, segregation, residential schools (for Native Americans), internment camps, and affirmative action.§ Racial stratification has occurred in employment, housing, education and government. Formal racial discrimination was largely banned in the mid-20th century, and it came to be perceived as socially unacceptable and/or morally repugnant as well, yet racial politics remain a major phenomenon.§ Racist attitudes, or prejudice, are held by a substantial portion of the U.S. population. Discrimination against African Americans, Latin Americans, and Muslims is widely acknowledged. Members of every American ethnic group have perceived racism in their dealings with other groups.§It is unlawful for people to discriminate or have prejudice against others of any race or color. §Race prejudice or color harassment §Equal employment opportunity based on race §Race immutable characteristic §Race isolation Glass Ceilings§ While the phrase glass ceiling is metaphorical, many women who find themselves bumping their heads on it find it very real indeed. It is most often used to describe the sexist attitude many women run into at the workplace. In a discussion of ascending the corporate ladder, the word “ceiling” implies that there is a limit to how far someone can climb it. §Along with this implied barrier is the idea that it is glass, meaning that, while it is very real, it is transparent and not obvious to the observer. §The term glass ceiling is most often applied in business situations in which women feel, either accurately or not, that men are deeply entrenched in the upper echelons of power, and women, try as they might, find it nearly impossible to break through. § This invisible barrier continues to exist, even though there are no explicit obstacles keeping minorities from acquiring advanced job positions – there are no advertisements that specifically say “no minorities hired at this establishment”, nor are there any formal orders that say “minorities are not qualified” – but they do lie beneath the surface. Sexual Discrimination § Gender discrimination, also known as sexual discrimination, is the practice of letting a person's sex unfairly become a factor when deciding who receives a job, promotion, or other employment benefit. It most often affects women who feel they have been unfairly discriminated against in favor of a man. But there have also been cases where males have claimed that reverse discrimination has occurred—that is, the woman received unfairly favorable treatment at the expense of the man.§Word Study§phenomenon n 现象(phen[=show]显示 + omen预兆+on—显示预兆—现象)§handicap n. 不利条件,障碍 (handi 手 +cap 拿,握住→手被控制了→) §incredulous a. 不信任的 ( in不 + cred 信任 + ulous 形后缀,易…的→不易信任的,不轻信的 ) §eliminate v 淘汰;删除(e出+ limin限制 +ate→限制在外 →删除,排出)§undisguise v. (un 不+ dis反常 +guise 举止→举止不反常→ 不伪装)§stereotype n. 刻板模式, 固定模式 (stereo立体,固定 +type 模式→ 固定模式→ 模式化思想 → 成见)§tokenism n. 表面文章,装装样子 (token 象征 + ism → )§predominant a 主要的,支配地位的(pre在前面+dominant支配的→起支配作用的)§evade 逃出,逃避(e外出+vade走→走出去→逃避 )§Language Points:§ US Congress: the House of Representatives & the Senate congressman/ congresswoman/ senator Houses of Parliament phenomenon: n. someone or something extremely successful, often because of special qualities or abilities. P1. Being the first black woman elected to Congress has made me some kind of phenomenon. Because I am the first black woman to be elected to Congress, people think I am something extraordinary. §handicap: n. (1) physical or mental disability§(2) disadvantage; difficulty§e.g. Poor eyesight is a handicap to students.§both handicaps: being both black and female.§drawback: disadvantage; difficulty P1. Of the two handicaps, being black is much less of a drawback than being female. Being a woman is a greater disadvantage than being a black. §strike: v. impress; give the impression of bizarre: adj. odd; strange P2. That there is prejudice against women is an idea that still strikes nearly all men---and, I am afraid, most women---as bizarre. Almost all men and most women are not aware of their own and other people’s sexual prejudice against women. When someone asserts there is such prejudice in America, they will find it hard to believe. P3. Prejudice against blacks was invisible to most white Americans for many years. For a long time, most white Americans did not realize that they were prejudiced against blacks.The Greenboro Sit-Ins of 1960 The Greensboro sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina in 1960 which led to the Woolworth department store chain reversing its policy of racial segregation in the Southern United States. Accepting the Martin Luther King’s idea of non-violence and peaceful protests, the sit-ins provoked the type of reaction the Civil Rights movement wanted - public condemnation of the treatment of those involved but also continuing to highlight the issue of desegregation in the South. The Montgomery Bus Boycott Freedom Rides§ The first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses bound for the Deep South. They intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional. §The Freedom Riders set out to challenge this status quo by riding various forms of public transportation in the South to challenge local laws or customs that enforced segregation. § Most of the subsequent rides were sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), while others belonged to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. §Civil Right Movement (1954-68)§The African-American Civil Rights Movement encompasses social movements in the United States whose goal was to end racial segregation and discrimination against black Americans and enforce constitutional voting rights to them. This was the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in the South. incredulous: a. unwilling to believe sth.; disbelieving; doubtful. liberal: n. open-minded people, respecting and allowing many different types of beliefs or behaviors. eliminate: v. remove; eradicate racist attitudes: racial prejudice against black P3. It will take years for white---including those who think of themselves as liberals --- to discover and eliminate the racist attitudes they all actually have. It will be many years before whites---including those who consider themselves open-minded---become conscious of their own racial prejudice against blacks, and then give it up. §brainwash: v. re-educate; influence; force someone to believe something.§content: a. satisfied; pleased. P4. …women in America are much more brainwashed and content with their roles as second-class citizens than blacks ever were. Women in America have been made to believe only what American culture wants them to believe about their inferior roles in society. As a result they now feel quite comfortable with their inferior social status. In comparison, blacks had never been so brainwashed and content with their inferior status.§P5. I have done the work---all the tedious details that make the difference between victory and defeat on election day---while men reaped the rewards… Though my part in the campaign seemed to involve only some seemingly insignificant and boring odd jobs, it is these little jobs I’ve done that have made us win the election. That is to say, my work was critically important. But in the end, men got all the honors and important positions. invariably: ad. always; at all times; on every occasion. lot: n. fate; destiny; fortune. hope for: expect to get. card-party: Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States Constitutional law that justified systems of segregation. Under this doctrine, services, facilities and public accommodations were allowed to be separated by race, on the condition that the quality of each group's public facilities were (supposedly) to remain equal. The phrase was derived from a Louisiana law of 1890. P6. The best any of them can hope for … stuffing and card-party organizing. : After years of stuffing envelopes and organizing card-parties, a woman might be assigned to a position no higher than district or county vice-chairman. Women seem to enjoy equality with men, but, in fact, that is no better than the old racist practice o f segregating white and black passengers in the South. Rewarding the luckiest of women with a position like district vice-chairman is as sexist as the so-called separate-but-equal policy was racist. Prejudice lies behind both practices. break out of : manage to change; get away from run: v. stand as a candidate in an election.e.g. run for Governor / President / the Presidency undisguised: a. clearly showed or expressed; obvious; not concealed. hostility: n. unfriendliness; bitterness. P7. From the start of that campaign, I face undisguised hostility because of my sex. From the minute I began to run for the New York State Assembly seat, I could feel strongly the prejudice against me simply because I was a woman. Many people tried to stop me and they hardly tried to hide their intention. issue: n. an important subject that people are discussing P8. Among members of my own party, closed meetings were held to discuss ways of stopping me. In order to prevent me from running for Congress, some of my own party members held secret meetings to find ways to stop me. I was totally kept in the dark. The Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965§The Civil Rights Movement was at a peak from 1955-1965. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, guaranteeing basic civil rights for all Americans, regardless of race, after nearly a decade of nonviolent protests and marches, ranging from the 1955-1956 Montgomery bus boycott to the student-led sit-ins of the 1960s to the huge March on Washington in 1963.§The Montgomery Bus Boycott§Sit-Ins§The Freedom Rides §Birmingham §The March on Washington §Mississippi and Freedom Summer §Selma, AlabamaJames Leonard Farmer Jr. §James Leonard Farmer, Jr. (January 12, 1920 – July 9, 1999) was a civil rights activist, a leader of the American civil rights movement of the 1940s, '50s and '60s, and the initiator and organizer of the 1961 Freedom Ride which eventually led to the desegregration of inter-state busing in the United States.§ In 1942, Farmer and a group of students co-founded the Committee of Racial Equality, later known as the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), an organization that sought to bring an end to racial segregation in America through active nonviolence. Farmer was the organization's first leader, serving as the national chairman from 1942 to 1944. He held the position as an honorary chairman in the Democratic Socialists of America. project: v. present.masculine: a. having characteristics that are traditionally thought to be typical or suitable for me; manly; muscular Afro haircuts: dashikis: A gender role is a theoretical construct in the social sciences and humanities that refers to a set of social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture, are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific gender. Proponents of gender role theory assert that observed gender differences in behavior and personality characteristics are, at least in part, socially constructed, and therefore, the product of socialization experiences; this contrasts with other models of gender that assert that gender differences are "essential" to biological sex. Research supports this theory, finding gender differences in almost all societies, but with differences in the norms adopted, suggesting that gender differences are, at least partly, influenced by culture. stereotype: n. a fixed wrong image,P10. The happy homemaker and the contented darky are both stereotypes produced by prejudice. The popular but false image of women who are happy with the role of caregiver at home and that of black people who were satisfied with life as it was are both the results of prejudice.§tokenism: n. actions that pretend to give advantage to groups that are treated unfairly, in order to give the appearance of fairness.§ P11. Women have not even reached the level of tokenism that blacks are reaching. Apparently American society is making some effort to create the impression that blacks are treated as white’s equals, though that effort is symbolic, pretentious and far from sincere. But American women are even not as fortunate as American blacks, for even that symbolic effort is not being made in their respect.§sit on: be a member of.Cabinet: n. a group of the most senior and powerful ministers or advisors to a president, who meet regularly to discuss and decide policies.predominate: v. to be the largest in number or the most important.menial: adj. boring; tiring; humble; low-status.unrewarding: adj. not giving you any feelings of achievement or pleasure. dead-end jobs: jobs that offer no possibility for promotion (advancement)§build up: recommend; tell people that someone is very special.e.g. They used publicity to build up their candidates.§P13. Why invest time and effort to build the girl up? Why should we bother to spend so much time and effort to prepare the girl for a career in politics? drop out of: cease to participate in a race, etc. e.g. drop out of college/ the course/ activity. P13. You know she’ll only drop out of the game to have a couple of kids just about the time we’re ready to run her for mayor. You are aware that by the time we have prepared her well enough to run for mayor, she will quit this game of politics and have several children. P14. Plenty of others have advised me, every time I tried to take another upward step, that I should go back to teaching, a woman’s vocation, and leave politics to the men. Whenever I tried to make progress in my political career, many people would try to persuade me to give up politics, which was, according them, a man’s game, and return to teaching, which was a woman’s job. P14. When we do not spend our wealth on hardware to murder people… When we stop spending so much money on weapons to be used in wars to kill people. evade: v. to avoid or escape from someone or something. P14. when the laws against unfair housing and unfair employment practices are enforced instead of evaded. …when people really obey the laws against unfair housing and unfair employment practices, not just go round them. The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination in housing because of:§Race or color §National origin §Religion §Sex §Familial status (including children under the age of 18 living with parents or legal custodians; pregnant women and people securing custody of children under 18) §Handicap Women in Politics in USA§With the rise of the women’s liberation movement in the 1960’s, women demanded a political voice. Two of those voices belonged to Shirley Chisholm and Bella Abzug. Chisholm was elected Congresswoman from Brooklyn in 1969 under the slogan “unbought and unbossed.” She was the first African-American woman elected to Congress. A tireless activist for civil and women’s rights, Chisholm co-founded the National Organization for Women and even ran for the presidency in 1972.§Christine Todd Whitman served as New Jersey’s first female governor before becoming Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency in 2001. §U.S. Senator (D-NY) and former first lady Hillary Clinton addresses the first graduating class of CUNY Honors College. Condoleezza Rice American Women in Politics in 2007§Senate: 16 out of 100§House: 70 out of 435§Governors: 9 out of 50§empathy: n. the ability to understand and share the feelings of others; sympathy.tolerance: n. allowing others to have their own attitudes or beliefs, even if you don’t approve.insight: n. the ability to have a clear and deep understanding o f a complicated situation.persistence: n. perseverance. mold: try to change or influence P17. The women of a nation mold its morals, its religion, and its politics by the lives they live. In every culture, it’s the women who are mainly responsible for the formation of its morals, its religion, and its politics. The way that women live their lives set standards for a society. §Exercises:§II. 1. incredulity 2. eliminate §3. suppressed 4.evasive 5.predominance§6. empathize 7. ambassador 8.token §9. stereotypical 10.masculinity§III. 1. reaped the rewards §2. is…content with 3. make a …difference §4.was rewarded…with 5. running for §6. think of … as 7. sits on §8.holding …ranks §9. build up 10.dropped out of §V. §(1) beyond → beneath §(2) holding → holds §(3) on → in §(4) to → with §(5) aware → awareness §(6) to → through§ (7) of → up § (8) toward → against § (9) and → that § (10) strategy → strategic§VI. 1. studying 2. including §3.those 4.able 5. Whether §6.stands 7. provide 8.colorful §9. females 10. younger §Translation:§1. My report may strike some people as pessimistic, but at least it’s realistic about the problems we face.§2. It was an interesting book, full of fascinating insights into human relations.§3. I found it a handicap not to have a car in the country. §4. The police have eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident because it was so well timed.§5. She looked at him with undisguised contempt.§6. The characters in the book are just stereotypes. §7. You will soon reap the various rewards (benefits) of being fit as long as you keep doing exercises.§8. If you try to evade paying your taxes you run the risk of going to prison. §9. He kept trying to mold me into what he wanted me to be. §10. We don’t have a screen but we can project the slides onto the back wall.结束结束。
