LNG接收站讲座

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,,*,LNG REGASIFICATION TERMINALLNG,再气化接收站,By,,V. Kumar,,LNG Consultant,,WorleyParsons Singapore,,,WORLD ENERGY OUTLOOK,世界能源展望,,,,,百万桶,/,天,2005,2030,Growth,World Energy Demand,,世界能源需求,,,,MBDOE,,220,,320,,,Breakdown by source,,按能源划分,,,,%,,,,% / year,年,,Oil,石油,,,,,41,31,0.4,Gas,天然气,,,,,18,22,2.3,Coal,煤炭,,,,,32,25,0.5,Others,其它,,,,,9,22,5.2,,,,,,,,,,WHY LNG??,为何选择,LNG,Increasing energy demand,,,不断增加的能源需求,,Limited availability of pipeline gas,,,气体管线传输有其局限性,,Alternative is to liquefy and transport by ship over long distances,,,可以选择液化并由船舶长距离运输,,This is the beginning of LNG,,,从而发展了,LNG,,or Liquefied Natural Gas,,,即液化天然气,,WORLD GAS RESOURCESGAS,世界来源,Country,国家,Reserves,储量,(Billion m,3,10,亿方,),,,,Proven,已探明,Recoverable,可采,,,Russia,俄罗斯,47,525 33,061,,Iran,伊朗,26,591 8,907,,Qatar,卡塔尔,25,743 1,164,,Indonesia,印尼,2,554 3,105,,Australia,澳大利亚,2,546 3,066,,Malaysia / Brunei 2,122 1,981,,马来西亚,/,文莱,,,Oman,阿曼,828 956,,,What is LNG??,什么是,LNG,Natural gas cooled to -162,o,C,at near atmospheric pressure forms liquid,,,天然气在接近常压下冷却至,-162,o,C,变成液态,,This liquid is called LNG,,,该液体称为,LNG,,The liquid is,colourless,and has a characteristic hydrocarbon,odour,.,,,液体无色、有烃类气味,,It is stored at near atmospheric pressure at a temperature of – 158 to – 160,o,C,,,它在接近常压下,– 158,至,,– 160,o,C,温度范围内储存,,,Composition of LNG,LNG,组分,,Typical Composition of Natural Gas and LNG as follows:,,,天然气和,LNG,一般组分如下：,,,Component Natural Gas LNG,,,组分 天然气 液化天然气,,,Methane 82-85 % 92-95%,,,甲烷,,,Ethane 5-7 % 3-5 %,,,乙烷,,,Propane 2-5 % 1-2 %,,,丙烷,,,Condensibles(NGL,) 6-8 % Nil,,,可冷凝组分（天然气液体） ０,,How LNG is produced??LNG,生产工艺,LNG Production Plant is called a Liquefaction “Train”,,,生产,LNG,的设备称为液化装置,,LNG is produced by a process called Cascade Refrigeration or Turbo-expansion,,LNG,的生产工艺称作分级制冷或涡轮膨胀,,Major World Producers of LNG are Russia, Indonesia, Australia, Malaysia-Brunei, Qatar, Oman etc.,,,世界上主要的,LNG,生产国包括：俄罗斯、印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、马来西亚,-,文莱、卡塔尔、阿曼等,,Major Consumers of LNG are USA, Europe, Japan, China, India etc.,,LNG,的主要消费国为：美国、欧洲、日本、中国、印度等,,LNG PRODUCTION TRENDSLNG,生产趋势,Typical LNG Plant Capacities (Million SCFD),,典型,LNG,装置能力 （百万立方英尺,/,天）,,LNG fueling stations 0.5 to10,,LNG,燃气站,,LNG peak-shaving 5 to 20,,LNG,调峰,,Small scale base load 50 to 250,,小规模基本负荷型,,Base load plants 300 to 1,000,,基本负荷型装置,,LNG TransportationLNG,运输,Three types of ships,,,三种运输船,,Older design insulated spherical tanks without external refrigeration, only continuous flaring of boil-off gas,,,老式设计为保冷球形储罐，无外部制冷，不间断燃烧蒸发气,,Newer design rectangular tanks with membrane walls with insulation between the membranes,,,较新设计为矩形薄膜型液货舱，薄膜之间有可承载的低温隔热层,,Prismatic design – a variation of membrane wall design with structural frames supporting the membrane walls,,,棱形舱设计,–,对加膜罐壁设计的调整，带有支撑加膜罐壁的结构框架,,Double-hulling to protect against accidental spillage,,,双壳保护，防止意外泄漏,,Most common capacity range 135,000 to 140,000 m,3,,,最常见容量在,135,000,到,140,000 m,3,之间,,Higher capacity ships under construction 200,000 m,3,,,较大容量的货船为,200,000 m,3,,Small LNG vessels coming into the market 10,000 m,3,,,新面世的小型,LNG,容器的容量为,10,000 m,3,,,LNG Moss Type TankerMOSS,型,LNG,船,,LNG Membrane Type Tanker,薄膜型,LNG,船,,LNG Terminal OverviewLNG,接收站总览,,LNG TERMINAL FLOW PLANLNG,接收站流程图,,LNG UnloadingLNG,卸载,Typical ship sizes 135,000 to 145,000 m,3,,,通常,LNG,船容量为,135,000 to 145,000 m,3,,Unloading rates 10,000 to 12,000 m,3,/hr,,,卸料速率为,10,000 to 12,000 m,3,/hr,,Discharge time 12 to 18 hrs,,,卸料时间为,12,至,18,小时,,Berth occupancy 24 hrs,,24,小时占用泊位,,Size of Unloading arms – 3 X 16”,,,卸料臂规格,– 3 X 16”,,Size of,Vapour,return arm – 1 X 16”,,,蒸气回收臂规格,– 1 X 16”,,Keep-cool jetty line recirculation system,,,码头主管线冷却循环系统,,Design code EN 1474,,,设计规范,EN 1474,,LNG Storage TankLNG,储罐,Typical size 150,000 to 160,000 m,3,,,一般容积为,150,000,至,160,000 m3,,Minimum 2 tanks - one receiving and one feeding,,,至少,2,个罐,–,一个接收,,,另一个外输送,,Three types of design from containment point of view,,,从防泄漏角度出发分成三种设计,,Double-walled tank with:,,,双壁罐,:,,,- Double Integrity,,,双层结构,,,- Single Integrity,,,单层结构,,,- Full Containment,,,全封闭结构,,Design code EN 1473 or BS 7777 (EN 14620),,,设计规范,EN 1473,或,BS 7777 (EN 14620),,Storage Tank Model X-Section,储罐模型,-,断面,,Storage Tank Details,储罐详细内容,Nitrogen purge connections,,,氮吹扫连接,,Start-up liquid and gas distributors,,,起动液相和气相分布器,,Tank insulation,,,罐保冷,,Tank foundation,,,罐基础,,Two types of foundation:-,,,两种基础,,,-,Elevated foundation with insulating air gap,,,带保冷气隙的高基础,,,- Foundation flush with ground with foundation heater,,,基础冲洗（地面配有基础加热器）,,Function is to prevent cold leakage to the earth which could result in freezing of ground water,,,功能在于防止低温泄漏导致地下水结冰。

Tank Insulation Details,罐保冷详细内容,Designed to keep tank boil-off rate below 0.1% of net,pumpable,capacity per day,,,在设计上使罐的蒸发率低于每天净泵送能力的,0.1%,,Conventional Insulation,,,传统保冷,,,Expanded,Perlite,Powder filled in the space between inner and outer tank called as the “Annulus”.,,,在罐的内外层之间（称为环空）填充膨胀珍珠岩,,Modern Insulation,,,现代保冷,,,Sprayed-on Poly-,iso-cyanurate,insulation provided on the inner surface of the outer tank,,,通过在外罐的内表面喷洒聚胺脂进行保冷,,Tank Dyke Requirement,罐围堰要求,If single integrity design is used, dyke should be enclosed by impervious concrete bund-wall to provide full containment,,,如采用单层结构设计，罐围堰应围有密封混凝土墙以提供全封闭。

Dyke volume = 110% of largest tank in dyke for single integrity design (NFPA-59A),,,单层结构设计的围堰容积,=,围堰内最大罐容积的,110% (NFPA-59A),,If double integrity design is used low bund-wall can be provided, need only to contain fire and storm water,,,如采用双层结构设计，应提供低围墙，用于阻火和收集雨水,,,Tank Boil-off Rate,罐蒸发率,LNG is boiling liquid stored under its own,vapour,pressure,,LNG,是一种在自身蒸汽压力下储存的液体,,As the liquid picks up heat from the surroundings, some,vapour,is continuously formed inside the tank,,,由于该液体从周围环境中吸收热量，储罐内不断形成一些蒸汽,,This,vapour,is called Boil-off Gas or BOG,,,这种蒸汽被称为蒸发气（,BOG,）,,To maintain tank pressure BOG should be continuously removed from the tank,,,为保持储罐压力，应不断除去罐内,BOG,,BOG HandlingBOG,处理,BOG is continuously sucked-off from the tank by the BOG Compressors,,,通过,BOG,压缩机将,BOG,不断地从储罐内吸除,,BOG disposal can be as follows:,,BOG,处理如下：,,,-,Compression and discharge to product pipeline,,,压缩和排放至生产管线,,,-,Recondensation,with minimum flaring,,,经过最少燃烧后进行再冷凝,,,- Flaring (only during emergency),,,燃烧（紧急情况下）,,Cryogenic BOG Compressor,低温,BOG,压缩机,,High Pressure BOG Compressor,高压,BOG,压缩机,,LNG LP,Intank,PumpsLNG,罐内立式低压液下泵,Provided inside pipe columns going all the way down into the tank,,,在罐内提供从上到下的管柱,,Have specially designed foot valve to prevent reverse flow,,,专门设计的底阀防止倒流,,Usually designed with just enough head to meet NPSH requirement of booster pumps,,,压头在设计上通常要满足加压泵的,NPSH,要求,,This,minimises,power requirement limiting the contribution to tank boil-off,,,这既降低了能耗要求又减少了罐内蒸发,,LNG HP Booster PumpsLNG,高压加压泵,Taking suction from,Intank,Pumps and feeding into the,vapourizers,,,通过罐内立式液下泵抽取介质并输送给气化器,,Head determined by,vapourizer,back pressure,,,压头由气化器背压决定,,Redundancy required for both,Intank,pumps and HP booster pumps based on turn-down requirements,,,基于可调要求，罐内立式液下泵和高压增压泵的备用要求,,,,Recondenser,cum Separator,再凝与分离器,Used for absorption of high pressure BOG in cold low pressure LNG,,,用于吸收低温低压,LNG,中的高压,BOG,,Also used to separate excess gas from liquid and route to flare,,,也用于从液相中分离出额外气相并输至火炬,,Designed on the principle of,vapour,scrubber plus,vapour,-liquid separator,,,根据气相洗涤器及汽液分离器原理设计,,再凝器,,LNG,Vapourizers,LNG,气化器,Three types – ORV, IFV and SCV,,,三种类型,-ORV,、,IFV,和,SCV,,ORV – Open Rack,Vapourizer,,ORV –,开架式,气化器,,Uses sea water to,vapourize,the LNG from low temperature to saturated,vapour,condition corresponding to outlet pressure,,,采用海水将,LNG,从低温气化成符合外输压力要求的饱和蒸气,,IFV – Intermediate Fluid,Vapourizer,,IFV –,中间流体式,气化器,,IFV is used with sea water as primary heating medium and Intermediate fluid as secondary heating medium,,IFV,采用海水作为初步加热介质，然后采用中间流体作为加热介质,,ORV – Schematic,ORV-,示意图,,ORV – PhotoORV-,图片,,IFV – SchematicIFV-,示意图,,IFV – PhotoIFV-,图片,,Natural Gas Superheating,天然气过热,This is achieved in SCV,,,通过,SCV,方式实现,,SCV – Submerged Combustion,Vapourizer,,SCV –,浸没燃烧式气化器,,Uses gas to burn and heat a water bath where saturated natural gas from ORV/IFV is superheated to pipeline conditions,,,采用气体燃料加热水套炉，使其中通过,ORV/IFV,产生的饱和天然气过热，满足管线传输条件,,Major portion of the LNG goes through ORV/IFV. Only a small portion is routed thru SCV for precision control of natural gas temperature,,LNG,的大部分经过,ORV/IFV,，只有一小部分通过,SCV,输送以实现对天然气温度的精确控制,,In places where sea water temperature is very low, only,SCV’s,are used. Likely choice for,Dalian,and Tang Shan terminals,,,在海水温度很低的地方，仅采用,SCV,。

对大连和唐山接收站可能比较合适,,,,,SCV – SchematicSCV-,示意图,,SCV – PhotoSCV-,图片,,CONTROL & AUTOMATION,控制和自动化,SCADA,,,监控与数据采集系统,,Tank Pressure Control,,,罐压控制,,Tank Safety Features,,,罐安全特征,,Tank Inventory Indication,,,罐存指示,,Vapourizer,Flow Control,,,气化器流量控制,,Gas Flow Custody Transfer Metering,,,天然气储存交接计量,,Battery Limit Pipeline Condition Monitoring,,,界区管线工况监控,,,,SCADA,PLC or DCS Based SCADA System,,,基于,SCADA,系统的,PLC,或,DCS,,Monitors all operating conditions,,,对所有操作条件的监控,,Ensures correct sequence of operation,,,确保正确的操作程序,,Takes routine decisions re switchover of pumps, compressors etc.,,,例行决定对泵、压缩机等的切换,,Logs all data for historical record,,,登记所有数据形成历史记录,,Assists in continuously,optimising,plant operation,,,不断优化装置操作,,TANK PRESSURE CONTROL – High Side,罐压力控制,Ladder logic for tank pressure control,,储罐压力控制梯形逻辑,,,,,Tank pressure rises to,PAH,,,,如罐压力升至,PAH,,,,BOG compressor cuts-in,,,BOG,压缩机切入,,,,,C,ompressor suction pressure is high,,PAHH,,,,,如压缩机吸入压力很高，,PAHH,,,,Vent control valve to FLARE opens,,,,通往燃烧点的通气控制阀打开,,,,,Tank pressure rises further,,,,如罐压力进一步升高,,,,2 X 100%,PSV’s,on tank top open and vent to HIGH POINT VENT,,,,罐项的,2,个,100%,容量,PSV,（安全阀）打开并进行高点排放,,,,,,TANK PRESSURE CONTROL- Low Side,罐压力控制,Tank pressure falls below set point to,PAL,,,如罐压力低于设定值至,PAL,,,,BOG compressor cuts-out,,,BOG,压缩机切出,,,,Tank pressure falls further to,PALL,,,如罐压力进一步降低至,PALL,,,,Purge nitrogen cuts-in,,,氮气冲洗,,,,,Tank pressure continues to fall,,,如罐压力持续下降,,,,Vacuum Relief Vent on tank top opens,,,罐顶真空阀打开,,,,,TANK SAFETY FEATURES,罐安全特征,Remote controlled ESD Valves on all in-out nozzles,,,所有进出管口上的遥控式紧急关断阀,,Direct vent to atmosphere on crown,,,罐顶直接放空,,2 X 100%,PSV’s,,,2 X 100%,VRV’s,,,Roll-over prevention system,,,防翻滚系统,,High temperature alarm,,,高温报警,,High annulus and dome temperature alarm,,,罐顶高温报警,,,TANK INVENTORY INDICATION,罐存显示,Both Liquid &,Vapour,volumes to be taken into account for Inventory Calculation,,,在存量计算中,,,液相和气相容积均应考虑,,Level Measurement to be Dual Redundant,,,双备用液位检测,,Temperature compensation built into the radar gauge transmission signal,,,雷达液位计传输信号温度补偿,,Calibration to take into account contraction of metal at operating temperature,,,校准时考虑操作温度下金属收缩,,,VAPOURIZER FLOW CONTROL,气化器流量控制,Number of LP pumps determined by turndown requirements,,,低压泵数量由压力调小要求决定,,One HP Pump for One,Vapourizer,,,每个气化器配一台高压泵,,Flow control on LNG to,Vapourizer,,LNG,到气化器的流量控制,,Set point of Flow Controller given by SCADA,,,由,SCADA,给出的流量控制器定值,,Gas Flow Required is keyed into SCADA,,,所需气相流量键入,SCADA,,Number of LP and HP pumps required automatically selected by SCADA,,SCADA,自动选定所需高低压泵数量,,Battery limit temperature adjusted by fuel firing in the SCV,,,界区温度根据,SCV,内的燃烧进行调整,,Metering Skid,计量橇,Used for final measurement and custody transfer from terminal to pipeline operator,,,用来对从接收站到管线运营商的运输进行最终计量和监管,,Redundancy required,,,要求有裕量,,Proving meter connections required upstream of metering skid,,,在计量橇的前端安装仪表,,Usually located between SCV and the Battery Limit and linked to SCADA,,,通常位于,SCV,和界区之间并与,SCADA,相连,,LNG unloaded into tank is measured by Ship meters and by LNG tank level gauge,,,进入罐中的,LNG,在船上和罐中都有计量,,BOG Compressor SizingBOG,压缩机规格,3 cases to be considered,,,应考虑,3,种情况,,,-,,Vapour,generated during ship unloading,,,卸船过程中产生的蒸气,,,-,Vapour,generated during normal operation,,,正常操作过程中产生的蒸气,,,-,Vapour,generated during zero send-out,,,零排放过程中产生的蒸气,,,ENERGY OPTIMISATION,能量优化,For a given battery limit P and T,,,对于已给定界区,P,和,T,,The Energy used for,vapourization,is,optimised,by maximizing ORV heat duty and,minimising,SCV heat duty,,,气化用能量通过,ORV,热负荷最大化和,SCV,热负荷最小化实现能量优化。

One example is,utilising,waste heat from power plant to warm-up sea water going to the ORV,,,例如，利用电厂余热对,ORV,用海水进行加热See typical flow sheet in next slide,,,典型流程见下页LOWER EMISSION LNG VAPOURIZATION,低散热,LNG,气化,,COLD ENERGY UTILISATION,冷能利用,Air Liquefaction,,,空气液化,,Dry Ice Production,,,干冰制备,,Fisheries and Cold Storage,,,渔业和冷库储存,,Power Plant Waste Heat,Utilisation,,,发电厂余热利用,,Fire Protection,消防,Tank deluge water system,,,罐喷淋灭火系统,,BOG Shed deluge water system,,BOG,顶棚喷淋灭火系统,,Fire hydrant system,,,消防栓系统,,Fire monitor to cover 3-sides of ORV/IFV, and SCV,,ORV/IFV,三面及,SCV,消防监视器,,Fire pump shed as per local regulations,,,当地有关消防泵棚的规定,,Diesel engine driven main fire pumps,,主要消防泵的柴油引擎,,Electric motor driven jockey pumps,,稳压泵电动马达,,Utilities,公用设施,Nitrogen,,,氮,,Plant air / Instrument Air,,,装置空气,/,仪表空气,,Diesel oil,,,柴油,,Domestic water,,,生活用水,,Industrial water,,,工业用水,,HVAC,,,暖通,,Electric power,,,电,,Pilot Fuel for Flare,,,引燃材料,,Sea water intake & return,,,海水吸入和返回,,SEA WATER INTAKE & RETURN,海水取水口和排出口,Intake location to,minimise,silt content,,,取水口在选址时应减少泥沙,,Inlet filter,,,进口过滤器,,Vertical Multistage Turbine Pumps,,,长轴深井泵,,,Cathodic,protection required,,,要求阴极保护,,Return location to be staggered to avoid short circuiting,,,排出位置应错开以防止短路,,Return location to have good ocean current to quickly disperse cold water,,,排出口所在的海流处应有利于迅速分散冷水,,Some terminals have reported change in fish migration patterns around cold sea water discharges,,,据报,,,一些接收站周边的冷却水排放改变了鱼类的生活方式,,Commissioning Sequence - 1,试运程序,,,Clean tank and piping,,,清洁罐和配管,,Purge with Nitrogen and Dry,,,氮气吹扫和干燥,,Back-up gas from grid and replace nitrogen by gas by relieving to flare,,,用来自管网的气体置换氮气,,,然后释放燃烧,,When first LNG ship arrives – Cool system with LNG,vapour,,,当第一船,LNG,抵达时，对,LNG,蒸汽系统进行冷却,,Introduce liquid into the Recirculation Line and Jetty Line,,,将液体导入循环管线和码头管线,,When liquid reaches the terminal, start spraying into the tank to,cooldown,slowly,,,液体到达接收站后，开始喷入罐中，慢慢冷却,,Commissioning Sequence - 2,试运程序,When liquid layer is formed inside tank, increase unloading rate and discharge cargo,,,当罐内形成液态层时，加快卸载速度释放船只,,When tank pressure increases bring BOG online,,,当罐压增加时，开通,BOG,管线,,Commission,recondenser,,,对再冷凝器进行调试,,Start-up the,vapourisers,and discharge gas into the grid,,,起动气化器并将气体排入管网,,,。