固定短语搭配语法

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,,,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,*,,*,,,固定短语搭配语法,,§2 .1词汇搭配,1,、固定词组（在词典中可以查到）,,,in a word, take place, take the place of, as a matter of fact, as usual, ……,,西安电子科技大学,,2、习惯的搭配关系（会出现在词典的例句中或各种文章中，望多观察）,（1）某些名词必须与特定的动词连用,,§2 .1词汇搭配,提高质量,raise,the efficiency,,提高能力,提高警惕,improve,the quality,提高效率,increase,[,improve,],the ability,enhance,[,heighten,],one’s vigilance,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,（1）某些名词必须与特定的动词连用,,§2 .1词汇搭配,取得成就[进步],make,achievements,[,progress,],取得一致意见,reach,complete agreement of views,,取得教训,draw,lessons,取得成功,取得同意,achieve,success,obtain,the consent,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,（1）某些名词必须与特定的动词连用,,§2 .1词汇搭配,作一分析[比较，研究],作一介绍[描述，说明],,give,an introduction,[,a description, an explanation,],,,make,an analysis,[,a comparison, a study,],,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,Laser beams are sent at the moon.,Electrons are emitted at the screen,（,荧光屏）,.,（,2,）某些动词、形容词、名词要与特定的介词连用,,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,（,2,）某些动词、形容词、名词要与特定的介词连用,,§2 .1词汇搭配,emit,,aim,,send,,point,,direct,,throw,,shoot,…,at,[,朝向,],～,,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,①,,某些名词前必须用特定的介词,,,Radio waves travel,in,all,directions,,,At,this,temperature,the metal melts.,,For,this,purpose,,[,To,this,end,],,we must try hard to scale the heights of science.,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,on,a large scale,to,a great extent,[,degree, point,],in,a great measure,①,,某些名词前必须用特定的介词,,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,②,,某些名词后必须要用特定的介词,,These students are doing an,experiment,,in,physics,[,on,electricity,],.,They are attending a,lecture,,[,a,report,, a,conference,],,on,mobile communications,（,移动通讯）,.,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,the,answer,,[,key,,,solution,],to,a problem,the,preface,,to,a book,an,exception,,to,a rule,the,current,,through,a component,the,voltage,,across,a component,②,,某些名词后必须要用特定的介词,,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,③ 名词与介词的一种常见而有用的搭配模式（注意其汉译法）,,西安电子科技大学,,(A,和,B,也是名词,),名词,of,A,介词,B,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,③ 名词与介词的一种常见而有用的搭配模式（注意其汉译法）,,A,、,该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成,“,A……B,的,,～”,）,,B,、,该“名词”来自于不及物动词（“,A,”,为该名词的逻辑主语；译成“,A……B,的,,～,”）,,C,、,该“名词”来自于及物动词（“,A,”,为该名词的逻辑宾语；采用“动宾”译法）,,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,,A,、,该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成,“,A……B,的,,～”,）,,This section,（,节）,describes the,advantages,of AC,over,DC.,,,,The,advantage,of TDMA,over,SCPC is that more ground stations can share,（,共享）,a single satellite transponder,（,应答器）.,,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,,A,、,该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成,“,A……B,的,,～”,）,,,Speed is defined as the,ratio,of distance,to,time.,The,effect,[,influnce; impact,],of temperature,on,,[,upon,],the resistance of a semiconductor must be taken into account.,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,,A,、,该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成,“,A……B,的,,～”,）,,The,distance,of the moon,from,the earth’s center is,240,,,000,mi.,The effectiveness,（,有效性）,of this force depends only on the perpendicular,distance,of its line of action,（,作用线）,from,the hinges,（,铰链；折叶）,.,,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,,A,、,该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成,“,A……B,的,,～”,）,,the,superiority,of A,to,B,the,similarity,of A,to,B,the,relation,(,ship,),of A,to,B,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,B,、,该“名词”来自于不及物动词（“,A,”,为该名词的逻辑主语；译成“,A……B,的,,～,”）,,This curve shows the,dependence,of the output,on,,[,upon,],the input.,(,depend on,[,upon,]),,The,variation,of the conductivity of a metal,with,temperature is very small.,(,vary with,),,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,B,、,该“名词”来自于不及物动词（“,A,”,为该名词的逻辑主语；译成“,A……B,的,,～,”）,,Ellipses,（,椭圆）,are used to describe the,motions,of the planets,（,行星）,round,the sun.,(,move round,),,All conductors offer small resistance to the,passage,of electrons,through,them.,(,pass through,),,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,B,、,该“名词”来自于不及物动词（“,A,”,为该名词的逻辑主语；译成“,A……B,的,,～,”）,,The control engineer is usually interested in the,response,of a control system,to,unit step,（,单位阶跃）,,,,ramp,（,斜波）,,,,and parabolic,（,抛物）,,functions,（,函数）,.,（,respond to,）,,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,B,、,该“名词”来自于不及物动词（“,A,”,为该名词的逻辑主语；译成“,A……B,的,,～,”）,,,the,deviation,of A,from,B (deviate from),,the,interaction,of A,with,B (interact with),,the,projection,of A,on,B (project on),,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,***,特殊情况：,the,increase,,decrease,,rise,,fall,,change,,reduction,in,/of,A,with,B,“,A,随,B,的,…,而～”,,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,***,特殊情况：,A gradual,increase,in resistance,with,speed is characteristic of friction between the boat’s bottom and the water.,***,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,the,variation,of current,with,impedance.,Fig.,1,shows,the,graph,of current,as a function of,impedance.,the,graph,of current,versus,,[,vs.,],impedance.,the,graph,of current,against,impedance.,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,The,definition,of electric current,as,a flow of charge is familiar to all of us.,(,define A as B,),,The,separation,of aluminum,from,its ore,（,矿石）,was very difficult at that time.,(,separate A from B,),,C,、,该“名词”来自于及物动词（“,A,”,为该名词的逻辑宾语；采用“动宾”译法）,,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,In this case,,exposure,of the body,to,sunlight helps to overcome anemia,（,贫血）,and stimulate,（,刺激）,metabolism,（,新陈代谢）,.,(,expose A to B,),,C,、,该“名词”来自于及物动词（“,A,”,为该名词的逻辑宾语；采用“动宾”译法）,,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,,The,resolution,（,分解）,of a force,into,x- and y-components is possible.,(,resolve A into B,),,C,、,该“名词”来自于及物动词（“,A,”,为该名词的逻辑宾语；采用“动宾”译法）,,,A,comparison,of Eq.,(1 - 4),,with,Eq.,(1 - 6),leads to the following relations.,(,compare A with B,),,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,***注意以下形式：,What is the date of the,discovery,of America,by,,Columbus,?,“名词（来自及物动词）,of,A,（,逻宾）,,[,介词,,B,（,逻状）,],by,C,（,逻主）”,,西安电子科技大学,,～,2、习惯的搭配关系,§2 .1词汇搭配,The,formulation,（,确立）,of the theory of relativity,（,相对论）,by Einstein,is one of the most significant events of the,20,th,,century.,Niels Bohr, in,1913,, first applied these ideas to the,emission,of light,by atoms,.,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,主,表,谓,宾,简单式,复合式,直接,间接,保留,介宾,1、分类,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,1、分类,定,状,补,同位,插入,后置,前置,位置灵活,主补,宾补,一个词的,一个句的,在主句中,在从句中,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,2、同位语的位置及译法,（1）正常位置,名词,直接跟,用逗号分开,用冒号分开,用破折号分开,用引导词或短语分开,同位语,+,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,～,2、同位语的位置及译法,The term “,sensitivity,”,（,灵敏度）,is often used in radio engineering.,,The word “,radar,” comes from RAdio Detection And Ranging.,译法：,①,,～这个,[,这一,]……,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,～,2、同位语的位置及译法,译法：,②单独译成一句（一般有逗号分开时）,,The rigid body,（,刚体）,，,a body with a perfectly definite and unchanging shape,, is itself an idealized,（,理想化的）,model.,,We cannot sense X-rays,,a form of energy similar to visible light,.,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,～,2、同位语的位置及译法,Arithmetic,（,算术）,,,the science of,,numbers,, is the base of mathematics.,The quiescent,（,静态的）,dc power dissipation,（,功耗）,in this case is typically,5,nW,,an extremely small figure,（,数字）,.,,The decibel,（,分贝）,is one tenth of a bel,,a unit named after Alexander Graham Bell,.,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,～,2、同位语的位置及译法,译法：,③,,译成“也就是”或用破折号引出,,The above analysis describes the steady-state,（,稳态）,condition of a circuit,,the condition that prevail,（,盛行；存在）,after the circuit has been connected to the source for a long time,.,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,～,2、同位语的位置及译法,This chapter examines the properties of an important nonlinear,（,非线性的）,device,,the diode rectifier,（,整流器）,.,,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,～,2、同位语的位置及译法,An electroacoustic,（,电声）,transducer,（,传感器）,,,,the loudspeaker,（,扬声器）,converts audio-frequency,（,音频）,power into acoustic power.,（2）特殊位置,①,,主语的同位语处于主语前（一般译成独立的一句；或译成“作为,……,”）,,同位语,,，主语,……,,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,～,2、同位语的位置及译法,A car noses up,（,车头抬起）,when it accelerates,（,加速）,,,,a familiar effect,.,②,,一个句子的同位语处于句子末尾（译成单独的一句）,,The current density,（,密度）,in a wire carrying alternating current,（,交流电）,is not uniform,（,均匀的）,over the cross section,（,横截面）,of the wire but is greater near the surface,,a phenomenon known as,“,skin effect,（,集肤效应）,.,”,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,～,2、同位语的位置及译法,The resistance of a wire is indirectly proportional to,（,反比于）,the cross section,,a fact that was verified,（,证实）,experimentally by Ohm,.,,*** This yields an increase in resistivity,（,电阻率）,,,,in agreement with observations,.,(,可看成在逗号后省去了“,a fact that is,”,),,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,Living things too,,it now seems certain,, obey,（,遵循）,the laws of physics and chemistry.,This book is,,we hope,, a concise,（,简明的）,introduction to communications systems.,3,、插入句（即带有主谓结构的插入语，把它去掉后不会影响句子的结构和含义）,,（,1,）在主句中,,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,,√,– 1,√,– 1,,,it was agreed,, should be replaceable,（,可替代的）,at will,（,随意地,）,by,– 1,.,What,,you may wonder,, does,54/74,stand for,?,,Potential energy,,it is true,, might not affect the sense of touch,（,触觉）,in the same way as kinetic energy,（,动能）,would.,～,3,、插入句,（,1,）在主句中,,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,The machine seems to do many tasks which,one would have though,t,required intelligence,（,智力）,.,,Last year RCA demonstrated,（,展示）,a new technique for a wall-hung TV that,it was predicted,,would be on the consumer market “close to,1990,.”,～,3,、插入句,（,2,）在从句中,,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,,[,Chaplin,（,卓别林）,was criticized for not being an American citizen,（,公民）,and for his political views, which,some people thought,leaned,（,倾向）,toward communism,（,共产主义）,.,],,～,3,、插入句,（,2,）在从句中,,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,One of the major problems which faced me in writing this book was “digesting”,（,消化）,the vast,（,大量的）,,literature,（,文献）,on computer-aided library systems and presenting,（,介绍）,it in what,I hope,is a clear and concise manner.,～,3,、插入句,（,2,）在从句中,,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,Technology experts have a tendency to use their knowledge as a lever,（,手段）,to get to what,they feel,is the right solution,（,解决方案）,.,,～,3,、插入句,（,2,）在从句中,,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,In this case a resistor of,say,,100,ohms may be connected across C,2,.,～,3,、插入句,（,3,）使用“,say = let us say,”,[,比如说,],或某些特殊的“,what,,从句”,,Well-grounded students can absorb Chapters,4,and,5,in,say,three weeks.,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,The atomic number,（,原子序数）,is equal to the number of electrons per atom or,,what is equivalent,, the number of protons,（,质子）,per nucleus.,～,3,、插入句,（,3,）使用“,say = let us say,”,[,比如说,],或某些特殊的“,what,,从句”,,,西安电子科技大学,,§2 .2 句子成分,what is more,“,而且；更有甚者”,,,what is more important,“,更为重要的是”,,,what is the same thing,“,换个说法”,,,what is equivalent,“,或者说”,,,what amounts to the same thing,“,换个说法（也一样）；同样的是”,～,3,、插入句,（,3,）使用“,say = let us say,”,[,比如说,],或某些特殊的“,what,,从句”,,,西安电子科技大学,,。