2023年高中英语学业水平考试必备08 谓语动词的时态和语态（解析版版）新教材北师大版

2022-2023年高中英语学业水平考试必备考点归纳与测试（新教材北师大版） 谓语动词的时态和语态 汉语借助词汇手段而非词的形态变化来表示动作的发生,而英语主要通过谓语动词时态变化来表现.任何句子都要先注意时态. 时是时间；态是状态。表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 英语的常见时态： 动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下16种时态形式： 时 态 过去 现在 将来 过去将来 一般 一般过去时 did 一般现在时 do/does 一般将来时 will do 过去将来时 would do 进行 过去进行时 was/were doing 现在进行时 am/is/are doing 将来进行时 will be doing 过去将来进行时 would be doing 完成 过去完成时 had done 现在完成时 have/has done 将来完成时 will have done 过去将来完成时 would have done 完成进行 过去完成进行时 had been doing 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing 将来完成进行时 will have been doing 过去将来完成进行时 would have been doing 一、 一般现在时 (The Simple Present tense ) 1. 结构: do/does 2.用法: 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用，如often, usually, always, every day/year, sometimes, on Sunday等。 I study hard every day and I get along well with my classmates, but sometimes I miss my families. 2)表示不受时间限制的科学事实或客观真理。 The earth moves around the sun. 3）表示主语的特征、性格、能力等 Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any. Mary speaks both English and French very well. 4）按计划、规定，时间表(如汽车、飞机、会议)等将要发生的动作或存在的状态, 一般用于be, come, go, start, begin, leave, arrive, return等位移/终止性动词，常与时间状语连用． The train leaves at three this afternoon. The meeting starts at 2:00 p.m. 5）在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时,即主将从现。 If it is fine tomorrow ,we will go to the countryside. If he comes this afternoon，we will have a meeting. 二、一般过去时 ( The Simple Past Tense ) 1. 结构: 谓动用动词过去式 (V-ed) 2. 用法: 一般过去时表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态，通常与表示过去的时间状语yesterday, last night ,some years ago, in 1990,in those days，the other day.等连用。 1)表示过去发生的，和现在没有联系的动作或状态 I met an old friend of mine the other day. We invited Mr. Du to give us a lecture. They had a good time at the party yesterday. 2) 用一般过去时表示过去经常发生的动作 (也可用 “used to do”或 “would do” 代替)。 1. During the vacation she often swam / would swim / used to swim in the sea. 2. I used to smoke. 注意：①used to 表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。 ②would 注重过去习惯性发生的动作。 三./四 一般/过去将来时 （future tense/past future tense） 表示将来时的四种形式 ① will / shall + 动词原形 ② be going to do ③ be about to do ④ be to do 1. be going to 有很强的计划性，打算干什么，而will表示谈话时临时决定的意图，具有临时性和偶然性。 ① ----The telephone is ringing. ----I _____ answer it. A. will B. am going to C. am to D. am about to ② ---Alice, why didn’t you come yesterday? ---I _____, but I had an unexpected visitor. A. had B. would C. was going to D. did 2. be going to 可用来表达某种迹象要发生的事。 而will 不能表示 Look at the clouds! It is going to rain. 3. be to 表示因约定、计划，职责、义务要求即将发生的动作, 或客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 4．be about to do 表示“正要干什么…”， 1)表示即将发生的动作，不与表示将来的时间状语连用。 2)常与when 连用，when 此时意思： 就在这时，是并列连词. 3)构成句型： ①… be about to do …when…. ②…was / were doing… when… ③be on the point of doing…when… ④had just done sth…when… e.g. I was about to leave when it rained. 五./六 现在/过去进行时 (present continuous tense) be (am, are, is)+ doing 1．表示(现在/过去)说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态 You are listening to me carefully now. Look! They are dancing. It’s raining hard now. 2. 表示(过去)目前这段时间内正在进行的动作,但说话时动作未必正在进行。 We are studying English at present . 3.与always，constantly(不断地；时常地), usually, frequently, all the time等连用，表示赞成或厌恶的感情色彩。如： He is always helping others. He was always thinking of others，never thinking of himself. 4. 现在进行时用来表示按计划即将发生的 动作（现在进行时表将来）,多用于位移/终止性动词,如: come, go, arrive, leave, stay, fly, take off. I am leaving (leave) tomorrow. 5.“系动词＋介词或副词”, 也表示进行时的意义 The bridge is/was under construction = is/was being constructed. The problem is under discussion = is being discussed 注意： 一般情况下，下面4类动词无进行时态： (1)表心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。 (2) 表存在的状态动词：have, appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。 (3) 瞬间动词：begin/start, allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。 (4)感官动词：see, hear, notice, feel摸起来/感觉起来, smell, sound, taste, look看起来。 七. 现在完成时(The present Perfect Tense) 1. 结构: have (has) + done 2.用法: 1). 现在完成时表示过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态, 通常用于延续性动词. 常与表示延续性的时间状语连用, 如: so far, up to now, in the past/last +一段时间；recently, since, for , over time(随着时间的推移）等． I have lived in Zhuhai for 3 years. 2).表示过去的某一完成或者发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常用的时间状语有: just ,already, yet, ever, never, once，twice，many times等. We have finished (finish) our lunch already. Have you ever tried (try) this method? 区分：since +______ , 用来说明动作起始时间 for+_______ , 用来说明动作延续时间。 I have lived here for at least twenty years. I have lived here since I was born. 固定的特殊句型： 1. It is (has been) +一段时间 +since-clause. 2. This (That/It) is the first (second…) time + that-clause (现在完成时). 3. This (That/It) is the best/ finest /most interesting … + that-clause (现在完成时). 3). 过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与不确定的或包括现在在内的时间状语连用，或无时间状语. I studied (study) in Zhongshan university in 2000. I have studied (study) in Zhongshan university since 2000. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1). 一般过去时只表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态, 不涉及对现在的影响；现在完成时表示发生在过去的