性和性别少数群体的机会平等（英）-184页

Clifton Cortez, John Arzinos, and Christian De la Medina Soto Equality of Opportunity for Sexual and Gender Minorities Equality of Opportunity for Sexual and Gender Minorities Clifton Cortez, John Arzinos, and Christian De la Medina Soto © 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 24 23 22 21 conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of Directors, or the governments they represent. does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of Rights and Permissions http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Cortez, Clifton, John Arzinos, and Christian De la Medina Soto. 2021. Equality of Opportunity for Sexual and Gender Minorities. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648- 1774-8. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: Bank sh all not be liable for any content or error in th is translation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: responsibility of th e auth or or auth ors of th e adaptation and are not endorsed by — the work. or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to reuse a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1774-8 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1775-5 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1774-8 Cover images: © ajr_images istock by Getty Images; ajijchan / istock by Getty Images; izusek / istock by Getty Images; MirasWonderland / istock by Getty Images; warrengoldswain / istock by Getty Images; wundervisuals / istock by Getty Images Cover design: Will Kemp and Veronica Elena Gadea, World Bank Library of Congress Control Number: 2021918232 Contents Foreword ix xi Acknowledgments About the Authors Executive Summary Abbreviations xiii xv xxi 1 Introduction Background 1 Data Sources and Country Selection 2 Indicator Sets 4 Limitations of the Methodology and Data 6 Scoring 13 18 18 19 Notes References Additional Readings 1. Criminalization and SOGI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Importance of the Decriminalization of Same-Sex Behavior Indicator Set 22 24 26 28 31 Criminalization and Age of Consent Vagrancy, Public Nuisance, or Public Morals Laws Notes References 2. Access to Inclusive Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Importance of the Access to Inclusive Education Indicator Set Discrimination in Education and Lack of Reporting Mechanisms Homophobic and Transphobic Textbooks and Curricula Training Educators to Recognize Discrimination in Schools Sex Education about Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Schools Notes 34 37 40 42 44 46 51 52 References Additional Readings 3. Access to the Labor Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Importance of the Access to the Labor Market Indicator Set Discrimination in Employment and the Workplace Equal Pay and Benefits 54 56 61 63 65 70 Filing Employment-Related Discrimination Complaints Notes References v Contents 4. Access to Public Services and Social Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Importance of the Access to Public Services and Social Protection Indicator Set 74 75 77 79 82 Legal Framework Related to Discrimination on the Basis of SOGI Civil Society