2022届高考名校自招英语讲义——阅读理解

高考自招宝典（1）-阅读理解篇第七讲阅读理解之事实细解题【考点说明】阅读理解之事实细节题在考题中的比例比较大，在有传统阅读题型的联盟考试（复旦千分考、北约、卓越同盟）中，基本每篇阅读中都至少含有一道事实细解题，所以充分掌握这部分的答题方法和答题技巧是非常必要的。【题型特点分析】所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象和理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。该类题型几乎都可以在原文中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。该题型可具体分为三大类：（1）细节辨认题：在原文中可以直接找到答案，题干常用what,when,where,why,how,who等提问。（2）细节推理题：答案根据原文中的细节推理得到。（3）细节归纳题：需要将题目信息与原文中的相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得到答案。常见的题干表现形式有：When/where did the story happen?Which of the following statements is（not）mentioned in the passage?Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?（All the statements are true except.According to the passage,which of the following is not mentioned as one of the reasons fbr.?这类细节性问题所涉及的面很广，有的需要经过简单的数学运算确定时间、距离、次数、数量等；有的涉及正误判断；有的询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。【解题技巧】解题技巧是建立在对题目特点和选项特点的充分把握之上的，鉴于上一部分已对题目特点进行了分析，所以这部分将主要从答题步骤和选项特点两方面解析答题技巧。（一）解题步骤1.迅速定位,缩小范围:通过寻读法（scanning）,用题干或选项中的关键词（如人名，地 名 时 间等）在文中搜寻，迅速确定相关词句或信息点所在的位置，缩小阅读范围。题干和选项中可用K在文中搜索关键词可能是专有名词、数词、实体名词，以及这些词的同义表达等。2.理解其意,对照选项:在找到这些关键词句后，要仔细阅读，准确理解，对照选项，看刷卜选项的意思与之最接近。3.排除干扰,选出答案:在做出选择的过程中，要善于辨别真伪，排除干扰，不断缩小范围选出正确答案，这就是我们常说的排除法。（二）选项特点1.正确选项的特点”一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思。“题 干+正确选项的信息值等于或者约等于原文中某句的信息值。、体现中心思想，细节与主旨直接关联。2.干扰选项的特点C 杜 撰 事 实,无 中 生 有.识，但不是文章内容。偷梁换柱,半真半假,文不对题,I 以偏概全,以假乱真、虚 虚 实 实。滥 竽 充 数。掩 人 耳 目。文中根本找不到任何相关信息，完全由命题人所捏造；符合常采用原文中的句式和大部分词汇，但换了个别词，改变原意。干扰项与原文相关细节部分相同，部分相悖。干扰项是原文中的事实细节，但与题干要求不符。干扰项只代表了某一方面的含义，不具有概括性。3.注意问题1含有模糊性和绝对意义的词语的选项要特别注意(如：some,sometimes,someone,possible,probably.;only,most,everything,all,completely 等)1注意细微之处的干扰，干扰选项与原文的差别很细微，正确答案与主旨相关。留意否定词。如果题干中含有否定意义的词语，如有not,except,least,never等，要特别留心，不要理解错了，而选相反的答案。【典例精讲】一.(华南理工大学)AMost people will answer a ringing phone.Usually you dont know who is phoning or how urgent their business is,so a ringing phone is difficult to ignore.In one experirrin a researgher wrote down the numbers of several publicphones in stations and airports.Then he called the numbers.Someone nearly always answered.When he asked why,people usually said,Because it rang.A few years ago in New Jersey,a man with a gun killed 13 people.A rmed police surrounded his house but herefused to come out.A reporter found out the phone number of the house and called.The man put down his rifle andanswered the phone.44What do you want?he said JT m really busy right now.”Imagine youre at work and the phone is ringing in someone elses office.Do you answer it or not?In one survey ontelephone use,51%of participants told researchers that they did.We cant ignore the phone and for that reason,it forcesits way into our lives.It interrupts what we are doing and on top of that,the caller is often someone we dont really wantto talk to.However,in the survey,58%said they never took the phone off the hook,and 67%didnt mind if someonecalled during a television programme.For 44%it wasnt a problem if someone rang during a meal,while only 28%wereannoyed or upset.If someone phoned in the middle of the night,40%told researchers that they got nervous or frightened,while around 30%got angry.Of course,when someone is really annoying,you can choose to hang up on them.This is in fact one of the rudestthings you can do on the phone,but 79%said they were prepared to do it in some cases.Only 6%told researchers theynever hung up on people.1.In the Experiment)people answered the researcher phone.A.for fear that it was urgentB.in order to help him gather the dataC.to test the function of the phoneD.to show their interest in the survey2.According to Para.3,most people when they were doing their work or watching television?A.minded the ringing of the phoneB.couldnt ignore the phoneC.refused to answer the phone in someone elses officeD.kept the phone ringing二.（上海交通大学）BA thorough market analysis and plan are essential for starting a new venture or deciding whether an existing oneshould be terminated or expanded.Many businesses and programs have failed the importance of these steps wasunderestimated.The market research,analysis,and plan should be conducted by a qualified company employee ordepartmental official or by an experienced third party.The most important point is that it must be finished before adecision is made to proceed.Investors can provide the financing.The principals can invest time,money,and energy.Facilities can be built andequipped and personnel hired and trained.Yet it can all be lost if there isnt a market to support the product.Repeated business failures,which can be attributed to a lack of market research and planning,occurred in many ofthe shopping centers in the authors home city of San Jose.California.Specikyshops ha opened and closed on aregular basis.Some failures were undoubtedly due to poor management,others to undercapitalization or poor economicconditions.But many were caused by an inadequate understanding of the market being served_Many of the products carried by the specialty stores were also offered department or discount stores）oftenlocated in the same shopping center.The department and discount stores frequentlyTiad a distinui price aJvantage.Fort