
汽车系统构造英文版Lesson1Historyoftheautomobile.ppt
32页Lesson 1 History of the automobile •The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769, with the creation of steam-powered automobiles capable of human transport. Steam-powered self-propelled vehicles are thought to have been devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrated his fardier à vapeur, an experimental steam-driven artillery tractor, in 1770 and 1771. •By 1784, William Murdoch had built a working model of a steam carriage in Redruth, and in 1801 Richard Trevithick was running a full-sized vehicle on the road in Camborne. Such vehicles were in vogue for a time, and over the next decades such innovations as hand brakes, multi-speed transmissions, and better steering developed. •At the 1900s some steam-powered self-propelled vehicles were commercially successful in providing mass transit, until a backlash against these large speedy vehicles resulted in passing a law, the Locomotive Act, in 1865 requiring self-propelled vehicles on public roads in the United Kingdom be preceded by a man on foot waving a red flag and blowing a horn. The law was not repealed until 1896, although the need for the red flag was removed in 1878. •German engineer Karl Benz, inventor of numerous car-related technologies, is generally regarded as the inventor of the modern automobile. The four-stroke petrol (gasoline) internal combustion engine that constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion is a creation of German inventor Nikolaus Otto. •Early attempts at making and using internal combustion engines were hampered by the lack of suitable fuels, particularly liquids, and the earliest engines used gas mixtures[2]. A later version was propelled by coal gas. Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in Mannheim. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888. •Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. 1885-built Benz Patent Motorwagen•1. Veteran car era•By 1900, mass production of automobiles had begun in France and the United States. By the start of the 20th century, the automobile industry was beginning to take off in western Europe, especially in France, they produced 30,204 in 1903, representing 48.8% of world automobile production that year. •Innovation was rapid and rampant, with no clear standards for basic vehicle architectures, body styles, construction materials, or controls. Automobiles were seen as more of a novelty than a genuinely useful device. Breakdowns were frequent, fuel was difficult to obtain, roads suitable for travelling were scarce, and rapid innovation meant that a year-old car was nearly worthless. •Major breakthroughs in proving the usefulness of the automobile came with the historic long-distance drive of Bertha Benz in 1888, when she traveled more than 80 kilometres (50 mile) from Mannheim to Pforzheim, to make people aware of the potential of the vehicles her husband, Karl Benz, manufactured. •2. Edwardian era•Edwardian era lasted from roughly 1905 through to the beginning of World War I in 1914. Throughout this era, development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to a huge number (hundreds) of small manufacturers all competing to gain the world's attention. •Key developments included electric ignition system (by Robert Bosch, 1903), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes (by the Arrol-Johnston Company of Scotland in 1909). Transmissions and throttle controls were widely adopted, allowing a variety of cruising speeds, though vehicles generally still had discrete speed settings, rather than the infinitely variable system familiar in cars of later eras. •Some examples of cars of the period included the following: •1908–1927 Ford Model T — the most widely produced and available car of the era. It used a planetary transmission, and had a pedal-based control system. •1910–1920 Bugatti Type 13 — a notable racing and touring model with advanced engineering and design. Similar models were the Types 15, 17, 22, and 23.1910 Model T, photographed in Salt Lake City •3. Vintage era •The vintage era lasted from the end of World War I (1919), through the Wall Street Crash at the end of 1929. During this period, the front-engined car came to dominate, with closed bodies and standardised controls becoming the norm. In 1919, 90% of cars sold were open; by 1929, 90% were closed. •Development of the internal combustion engine continued at a rapid pace, with multi-valve and overhead camshaft engines produced at the high end, and V8, V12, and even V16 engines conceived for the ultra-rich. •Exemplary vintage vehicles: •1924–1929 Bugatti Type 35 — the Type 35 was one of the most successful racing cars of all time, with over 1,000 victories in five years. •1927–1931 Ford Model A — after Model T in production for too long, Ford restarted its model series with the 1927 Model A. More than 4 million were produced, making it the best-selling model of the era. Bugatti Type 35A Grand Prix Racer 1925 •4. Pre-WWII era •The pre-war era began with the Great Depression in 1930, and ended with the recovery after World War II, commonly placed at 1948. By the 1930s, most of the mechanical technology used in today's automobiles had been invented. After 1930, the number of auto manufacturers declined sharply as the industry consolidated and matured. •Exemplary pre-war automobiles: •1932–1948Ford V-8 — introduction of the powerful Flathead V8 in mainstream vehicles, setting new performance and efficiency standards. •1934–1940Bugatti Type 57 — a singular high-tech, refined automobile for the wealthy. •1938–2003Volkswagen Beetle—a design for efficiency and low price, which progressed over 60 years with minimal basic change. •1936–1939Rolls-Royce Phantom III — V12 engined pinnacle of pre-war engineering, with technological advances not seen in most other manufacturers until the 1960s. •5. Post-war era •Automobile design finally emerged from the shadow of World War II in 1949. The unibody/strut-suspended 1951 Ford Consul joined the 1948 Morris Minor and 1949 Rover P4 in waking up the automobile market in the United Kingdom. In Italy, Enzo Ferrari was beginning his 250 series. •Throughout the 1950s, engine power and vehicle speeds rose, and cars spread across the world. The market changed somewhat in the 1960s, as Detroit began to worry about foreign competition, the European makers adopted ever-higher technology, and Japan appeared as a serious car-producing nation. BMC's revolutionary space-saving Mini, which first appeared in 1959, captured large sales world-wide. •In America, performance became a prime focus of marketing, exemplified by pony cars and muscle cars. In 1964 the popular Ford Mustang appeared. But everything changed in the 1970s as the 1973 oil crisis, automobile emissions control rules, Japanese and European imports. Small performance cars from BMW, Toyota, and Nissan took the place of big-engined cars from America and Italy. •The biggest developments of the era were the widespread use of independent suspensions, wider application of fuel injection, and an increasing focus on safety in the design of automobiles. •Exemplary post-war cars:•1959–2000 Mini — this quintessential small car lasted for four decades, and is one of the most famous cars of all time. •1964–present Ford Mustang — the pony car that became one of the best-selling and most-collected cars of the era. •7. Modern era •The modern era is normally defined as the 25 years preceding the current year. Without considering the future of the car, the modern era has been one of increasing standardisation, platform sharing, and computer-aided design. •Some particularly notable advances in modern times are the widespread of front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive, the adoption of the V6 engine configuration, and the ubiquity of fuel injection. Body styles have changed as well in the modern era. Three types, the hatchback, minivan, and sport utility vehicle, dominate today's market, yet are relatively recent concepts. •The rise of pickup trucks in the United States, and SUVs worldwide has changed the face of motoring, with these "trucks" coming to command more than half of the world automobile market.The modern era has also seen rapidly rising fuel efficiency and engine output. •Exemplary modern cars:•1966–present Toyota Corolla — a simple small Japanese saloon/sedan that has come to be the best-selling car of all time. •1973–present Mercedes-Benz S-Class — electronic Anti-lock Braking System, supplemental restraint airbags, seat belt pretensioners, and electronic traction control system all made their debut on the S-Class. •1977–present Honda Accord saloon/sedan — this Japanese sedan became the most popular car in the United States in the 1990s, pushing the Ford Taurus aside, and setting the stage for today's upscale Asian sedans. •Thanks for your presence!。
