李普曼公共舆论英文版.doc

Public OpinionHeader  Dedication  Part I. INTRODUCTIONo Chapter I. The World Outside And The Pictures In Our Heads o Part II. APPROACHES TO THE WORLD OUTSIDEo Chapter II. Censorship And Privacy o Chapter III. Contact And Opportunity o Chapter IV. Time And Attention o Chapter V. Speed, Words, And Clearness o Part III. STEREOTYPESo Chapter VI. Stereotypes o Chapter VII. Stereotypes As Defense o Chapter VIII. Blind Spots And Their Value o Chapter IX. Codes And Their Enemies o Chapter X. The Detection Of Stereotypes o Part IV. INTERESTSo Chapter XI. The Enlisting Of Interest o Chapter XII. Self-Interest Reconsidered o Part V. THE MAKING OF A COMMON WILLo Chapter XIII. The Transfer Of Interest o Chapter XIV. Yes Or No o Chapter XV. Leaders And The Rank And File o Part VI. THE IMAGE OF DEMOCRACYo Chapter XVI. The Self-Centered Man o Chapter XVII. The Self-Contained Community o Chapter XVIII. The Role Of Force, Patronage, and Privilege o Chapter XIX. The Old Image In A New Form: Guild Socialism o Chapter XX. A New Image o Part VII. NEWSPAPERSo Chapter XXI. The Buying Public o Chapter XXII. The Constant Reader o Chapter XXIII. The Nature Of News o Chapter XXIV. News, Truth, And A Conclusion o Part VIII. ORGANIZED INTELLIGENCEo Chapter XXV. The Entering Wedge o Chapter XXVI. Intelligence Work o Chapter XXVII. The Appeal To The Public o Chapter XXVIII. The Appeal To Reason DedicationTOFAYE LIPPMANN Wading River,Long Island.1921. _"Behold! human beings living in a sort of underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light and reaching all across the den; they have been here from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them; for the chains are arranged in such a manner as to prevent them from turning round their heads. At a distance above and behind them the light of a fire is blazing, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way; and you will see, if you look, a low wall built along the way, like the screen which marionette players have before them, over which they show the puppets. I see, he said. And do you see, I said, men passing along the wall carrying vessels, which appear over the wall; also figures of men and animals, made of wood and stone and various materials; and some of the prisoners, as you would expect, are talking, and some of them are silent? This is a strange image, he said, and they are strange prisoners. Like ourselves, I replied; and they see only their own shadows, or the shadows of one another, which the fire throws on the opposite wall of the cave? True, he said: how could they see anything but the shadows if they were never allowed to move their heads? And of the objects which are being carried in like manner they would see only the shadows? Yes, he said. And if they were able to talk with one another, would they not suppose that they were naming what was actually before them?"_ --The Republic of Plato, Book Seven. (Jowett Translation.)Chapter I. THE WORLD OUTSIDE AND THE PICTURES IN OUR HEADS There is an island in the ocean where in 1914 a few Englishmen, Frenchmen, and Germans lived. No cable reaches that island, and the British mail steamer comes but once in sixty days. In September it had not yet come, and the islanders were still talking about the latest newspaper which told about the approaching trial of Madame Caillaux for the shooting of Gaston Calmette. It was, therefore, with more than usual eagerness that the whole colony assembled at the quay on a day in mid-September to hear from the captain what the verdict had been. They learned that for over six weeks now those of them who were English and those of them who were French had been fighting in behalf of the sanctity of treaties against those of them who were Germans. For six strange weeks they had acted as if they were friends, when in fact they were enemies. But their plight was not so different from that of most of the population of Europe. They had been mistaken for six weeks, on the continent the interval may have been only six days or six hours. There was an interval. There was a moment when the picture of Europe on which men were conducting their business as usual, did not in any way correspond to the Europe which was about to make a jumble of their lives. There was a time for each man when he was still adjusted to an environment that no longer existed. All over the world as late as July 25th men were making goods that they would not be able to ship, buying goods they would not be able to import, careers were being planned, enterprises contemplated, hopes and expectations entertained, all in the belief that the world as known was the world as it was. Men were writing books describing that world. They trusted the picture in their heads. And then over four years later, on a Thursday morning, came the news of an armistice, and people gave vent to their unutterable relief that the slaughter was over. Yet in the 。