
别墅设计风格.docx
2页别墅设计风格--联邦和帝国时期自 1760 年之后 ,虽然英国建筑师设计新古典风格的新结构, 但美国建筑师并不如此1775 年革命之前,美国住宅没有在任何程度上采用这种别墅设计风格新古典”运动是对古典 建筑的再诠释源自罗马公共建筑的庞德罗斯•帕拉迪奥元素被放弃了,取而代之的灵感来 自最新的考古学发现,特别是罗马的居住建筑考古成就18 世纪 70 年代,少数住宅的建筑 规划表现了英国新古典主义在某些细部上的变化 (五境空间设计)但是,由于某些殖民地经 济低迷,加上殖民保护主义的影响,导致了对“整洁而朴素”别墅设计的崇拜,它把对于这 种运动的接受时间推迟到1782 年之后直到19世纪早期,美国一些重要的英国移民建筑师,例如本杰明•亨利•拉特罗布等,还 抱怨手工艺工匠仍然死抱住乔治亚时代早期的传统风格不放1783 年之后,美国革命结束,在罗德岛的普罗维登斯和其他城市,一些富裕商人建造 的住宅仍然反映了乔治亚时代的审美观念但是,新联邦的一些领导人则在寻求一种能够在 哲学上适合这个民族的别墅设计风格许多人推崇罗波特和詹姆斯•亚当及他们的跟随者在 英国的作品,将其作为一种合适的原型而另外一些人崇尚简单和实用的思想,他们在寻找 一种风格,能够与欧洲大陆的新古典主义和古典复兴的风格相适应。
在18世纪80年代末期,联邦或者“亚当式”风格已经家喻户晓这种建筑由于变细的 形式、曲线或者椭圆特征和复杂的细部而变得更加优雅,多边形或者曲线形阳台,把屋顶的 屋脊隐藏在栏杆之后,用大方格和玻璃窗格加长玻璃窗,装饰檐口和入口门厅用薄收分的柱 子获得某种“旧口味”,房间趋于开放而轻快,墙面、拱顶和顶棚造型偶尔采用椭圆形平 抹灰墙用壁炉外框、门框、墙裙和檐口来适当地装饰 (五境空间设计)宏伟的别墅设计中, 采用进一步装饰的顶棚、带有花彩边缘的墙纸来修饰K)对于简洁典雅而富有纪念性的意大利希腊风格遗址的热情,激发了希腊复兴运动的出 现虽然贬损一层或者两层高的柱廊式门廊,柱子采用各种不同的柱式,有多立克柱式,特 别是爱奥尼柱式超常尺度的柱头一些细部特别是石材细部可能非常简单朴素,采用宽大整 齐的檐口,一些窗户和门周围采用希腊风格的金银花、网纹和蛋箭饰线脚窗户和扇形窗、 门顶窗不再是圆的,而是方形或者长方形的城市别墅设计形式特别依赖圆柱形的门边饰和箨口装饰统一的砖砌工艺非常干净,狭 窄的节点、楣石和踏步非常简洁美观室内运用了同样的别墅设计手法,不在使用壁板,但 装饰形成鲜明对比 (五境空间设计)直到19世纪50年代后,希腊复兴风格仍然受到一些显 赫人物的喜爱,后来则主要出现在地方乡土的别墅设计中了。
Although English architects after 1760 were designing new structures in the Neo-classical manner, American builders did not adopt this style to any advanced degree before the Revolution began in 1775.the “Neo-classical" movement was the reinterpretation of classicalarchitecture •Ponderous Palladian elements derived from Roamn public buildings were abandonrd; inspiration instead came from recent archaeological finds, Particularly of Roman domestic buildings. A few new dwellings planned in the 1770s indicate some translation of English Neo-classicism in certain details, but economic downturs in certain Colonies, aswell as a colonial conservatism which often venerated the “neat and plain” in builddins, prevented acceptance of the movement until after1782.As late as the early 19 thcentury, an important Endlish e migre architect in rhe United States, Benjamin Henry Latrobe, complained about the craftsmen who were still ried to the traditional styles of the early Georgian period.After 1783 and the conclusion of the American Revolution, some wealthy merchants in Providence, Rhode island, and in other cities built houses that still reflected earlier Georgian tastes.However,somr leaders of the new Republic were looking for an architecture that was philosophically appropriate for the nation. Many applayded the work of Robert and James Adam and their followers in Rngland as a suitable model, while others, venerating simple an ytilitarian ideals, searched for astyle more relatdeto Continectal Eutopean versions of Neo-classicism and Classical Revivalism.The Federal or "Adamesquen” style became familiar brr the end of the1 780s. This architecture achieved elegance through attenuated forms. Curved or elliptical features and sophistication of detail: polygonal or curvilinear bays. concealed hipped roofs behind balustrades: elongated windows with large panes and thin glazing bars, decorated comices. and ent0' porches u iththin, tapered columns in the "ancient taste". Rooms tended to be open and airy with occasional use oF oval shapes on walls, vaulted or shaped ceilings, and fiat plaster walls decorated by en suite fireplace surrounds, door surrounds, dadoes and cornices. Grand rooms were often further embellished by ornamental piaster ceilings, and wall-papers with festoon borders. The Adam brothers' work was translated to the United States largely through The pattern books of ncher designers. especially those of William Pain. whose Practical House Carpenter (1766) and Practical Builder(1744) may not have reached the Colonies before the 1780S. The spread of this fashion was reated to the presence of newly arrived craftsmen from England. and especially by the rise of' the architect. replacing the predominance of the house carpenter of the previous generation. Regional and nationally promment designers included classicallv trained aristocrats such as Charles Bulfinch in Boston and Gabriel Manigault (1758-1809) in Charleston. and former craftsmen. such as Samuel Mclntire (1757-1811)in Salem and john McComb ( 1758-1853) in New York. Knowiedgeable patrons pressed for the Neo-classical s 叶 le when remodelling earlier houses, George Washington 's changes to Mount Vernon, Virginia. in the 1780sbeinL a supreme example. New houses such as Gore Place in Waltham, Massachusetts. and terrace\row houses in Boston, particularly those designed by Bulfinch. reflected the new Federal taste.House of the Greek Revival movement reflected the view that the real or imagined Greek temple was the most perfect creation. They were block-like buildings, with low hipped or temple-f'orm gable roofs, and usually featured porticoes of single or double height with columns of various Orders. including Doric and especially Ionic with oversized capitals. Detailing. particularly on masonry examples, could be rather austere:。
