用合作原则和礼貌理论分析《理智与情感》中的会话含义精编版.pptx

硕士学位论文答辩,用合作原则和礼貌理论分析理智与情感中的会话含义 AN ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN SENCE AND SENSIBILITY FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF THE COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE AND THE POLITENESS THEORIES,,,学院： 专业： 答辩人 ： 指导教师：,,,Abstract,In this thesis, the author attempts to analyze conversational implicature in Sense and Sensibility from the perspectives of Cooperative Principle and the politeness theory, then achieves some significances. Firstly, the author summarizes some characteristics reflected from the dialogues of characters, which is benefit to enhance peoples understanding of this novel. Moreover, the analysis in this thesis is useful for people to master and apply these theories. Meanwhile, it also proves the validity of using pragmatic theories to study the implicature in literary works. Last but not the least, the analyzing of dialogues in the novel may help people flexibly and appropriately employ the politeness principles or politeness strategies to facilitate the communicative effects and maintain the stable and harmonious relationship in human interaction.,,,Framework,,Abstract,Introduction,Literature Review,Theoretical Framework,Conversational Implicature in Sense and Sensibility,Comclusion,,,1 Introduction,,Introduction,Background of the Study,Purpose and Significance of the Study,Research Methodology,Organization of the Thesis,,,2 Literature Review,,Previous Studies on,the Cooperative Principle,the Politeness Theories,Jane Austen and her Sense and Sensibility,Abroad and at Home,Summary,,,3 Theoretical Framework,,Theoretical Framework,Cooperative Principle,Politeness Principle,Politeness Theory,Conversational Implicature Deduction,Maxims/Flout,as a Rescue to CP /Maxims,Face/FTAs/ Off-record Politeness,Maim Influencing Factors,Relationship,Summary,,,3.1 Grices Cooperative Principle,The CP is a set of assumed maxims, which should be followed by both sides who hope to understand the other better in conversation. It states “Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”,,,3.1.1 Four Maxims of the Cooperative Principle,The CP contains four related maxims: I) QUANTITY: Try to make the information of your contribution be appropriate 2) QUALITY: Try to make your contribution one that is true. 3) RELATION: Be relevant. 4) MANNER: Be perspicuous.,,,3.1.2 Flouting the Maxims,However, in actual human interaction, not all the people in the conversation obey these rules. They even violate the maxims deliberately. I) Flouting the Maxim of Quantity and generating conversational implicature 2) Flouting the Maxim of Quality and generating conversational implicature 3) Flouting the Maxim of Relevance and generating conversational implicature 4) Flouting the Maxim of Manner and generating conversational implicature,,,3.2 Leechs Politeness Principle,3.2.1 PP as a Complement to the CP Due to the CP in itself is not sufficient to explain “ why people are often so indirect in conveying what they mean; and what is the relationship between sense and force when non-declarative types of sentences are being considered”. In 1983, Leech proposed Politeness Principle (abbrev. PP ) so as to rescue the CP.,,,3.2.2 Maxims of the PP,1) TACT MAXIM (in impositives and commissives) 2) GENERASITY MAXIM (in impositives and commissives) 3) APPROBATION MAXIM (in expressives and assertives) 4) MODESTY MAXIM (in expressives and assertives) 5) AGREEMENT MAXIM (in assertives) 6) SYMPATHY MAXIM (in assertives),,,3.3 Brown and Levinsons Politeness Theory,In 1978, Brown and Levinson issued a paper named “Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena”, which firstly gives a systematical discussion about politeness and face, and arouses great concerns in the linguistic circle. The three key concepts in it are: face, face threatening acts (abbrev. FTA) and politeness strategy.,,,3.3.1 The Concept of Face,The concept of face is the core of Brown and Levinsons Politeness Theory. Face can be defined as “the public self-image of a person and it refers to that emotional and social sense of self that every one has and expects everyone else to recognize.” They believe that people have negative face and positive face. Negative face is the want of every “competent adult member” that his actions be unimpeded by others. Positive face is the want of every member that his wants be desirable to at least some others.,,,3.3.2 Face-threatening Acts (FTAs),Brown and Levinson point out there are some language behaviors in essence go against with the face of communicators, which are called Face-threatening Acts (FTA). In order not to threaten face or minimize the face damage, people usually employ certain strategies.,,,3.3.3 Off-record Politeness,Brown and Levinson proposed five kinds of redressive strategies: (1) bald on record without redressive actions; (2) positive politeness; (3) negative politeness; (4) off record politeness; (5) Dont do the FTA. Amo。