环球时代专八人文知识指导英国法律与司法机构.doc

环球时代专八人文知识指导：英国法律与司法机构Justice and the law法律与司法机构There is no single legal system in the United Kingdom. A feature common to all systems of law in the Unit ed Kingdom is that there is no complete code・ The sources of law include (1) statutes; (2) a large amount of Hu n writte rT or comm on law; (3) equity law; (4) Europea n Community ・ Ano ther comm on feature is the disti nction ma de between criminal law and civil law.联合上国不实行完全统一的法律制度联合王国所有法律制度的一个共同特点是没有以部完整的法典法典來源包括： (1)成文法；(2)大量的“不成文法”或习惯法；(3)衡平法；(4)欧共体法。

另一个共同的特点是刑法和民法之间的区 别I. Criminal Proceedings刑爭诉讼程序1. In England and Wales, once the police have charged a person with a criminal offence, the crown Prosec ution Service assumes control of the case reviews the evidence to decide whether to prosecute・在英格兰和威尔士，一旦警察指控某人犯令刑爭罪，皇家检察总署就要接管此案，并独立地审核证据以决定是否起诉2. In Britain all criminal trial are held in open count because the criminal law presumes the innocenee of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution and the defense get equal treatment. No accused person has to answer the question of the police before trial. He is not compelled to give evidenee in count. Every accused person has the right to employ a legal adviser to conduct his defense. If he c an not afford to pay, he may be granted aid at public expense. In criminal trial by jury, the judge passes senten ce, but the jury decided the issue of guilt or innocence. The jury composed of 12 or ordinary people・ If the verd ict of the jury can not be unanimous, it must be a majority.在英国，所有的刑事审判都在法院公开进行。

因为刑法认为，在消除合理怀疑证明被告有邹之前，他是无辜的原告与 被告同样平等，审判时被告不必冋答警察的问题，不许强迫被告提供证据毎位被告都令权丿ilM用律师为其辩护如果他不能 支付律师费，可以用公用费用提供帮助在山陪审团进行的刑半审判中，法官判刑，但陪审团决定是否有罪陪审团一般山 12人组成如果陪审团不能做出一致判决，也必须是多数决定3. A verdict of ” not guilt1' means acquittal for the accused, who can never again be charged with that specifi c crime・”无罪”裁决置味着被告无罪，并月一永远不得再以此罪名对其指控II. Criminal Courts刑申法庭1. Criminal Courts in England and Wales英格兰和威尔上的刑事法庭Magistrates* Courts which try summary oftences and "either way” offences・ A magistrates* court, which is op en to the public and the media, usually consists of three unpaid nlayM magistrates-known as justices of the peac e-who are advised on point of law and procedure by a legally qualified assistant. A Magistrates" court sits withou t a jury.治安（警事）法庭,负资审理判决犯罪,也审理”任意方式”罪行。

治安法庭对公众和媒体公开,通常山三位无薪的“外 行“地方官••地方治安官组成，山懂得法律知识的书记员和助于给他们提供法律规定和程序方血的建议治安法庭审察时没有 陪审团Youth Court which try most cases involving people under 18.The Crown Court tries the most serious offences and 'either way” offences referred to it by magistrates. The Crown Court is presided over by High Court judges, full-time circuit Judges and part-time Recorders England an d Wales are divided into six circuits for the purpose of hearing criminal case・ Each circuit is divided into areas c ontaining one or more centers of High Court and Crown Court・皇家刑也法庭。

负责审理最严垂的邹行和山地方法官提交的”任意方式”罪行呈家刑囲法庭山高级法院法官,全职巡冋 法官和兼任刑事法官主持为审理刑事案，英格兰和威尔士被分为六个巡冋区,每个巡冋区又分区域,每个区域有一个或多 个高级法庭和皇家刑爭法庭2. Criminal courts in Scotland苏格兰的刑事法庭There are three crimi nal courts in Scotia nd. （1） the High Court of Justiciary;（2） the sheriff court;（3） the distri ct court. Scotland has two types of criminal procedure, know as solemn procedure and summary procedure・ In s olemn procedure, a defendant is tried by a judge sits without a jury.英格兰有三种刑事法院：（1）高级法院：（2）郡法院：（3）区法院英格兰有两种刑事诉讼：庄重诉讼和即决诉讼 庄貳诉讼里，被告山陪审团和法官审理。

在即决诉讼中，法官独自审理，不用陪审团3. Criminal courts in Northern Ireland北爱尔兰的刑爭法庭Cases involving minor summary offences are heard by magistrates* courts presided over by a full-time legally qu alified reside nt magistrate ・ County courts are primarily civil law courts ・ The Crown Court deals with crimi nal trails on indictment.涉及轻微即决犯邹的案件山治安法庭听审，法庭山全职的法律合格的常驻治安法官主持郡法庭主要是民事法庭呈家 刑事法庭根据起诉进行刑事审判.III. Civil Courts民事法庭1. Civil Courts in England and Wales英格兰利威尔士的民事法庭Magistrates* Courts have limited civil jurisdiction, The main courts of civil jurisdiction are County Courts, the High Court deals with the more complicated civil case・ Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal case s. It has three divisions: （1） the family Division; （2） the Chancery Division; （3） the Queen's Bench Division.治安法庭只有一定的民爭审判权。

主要行使民出司法权的是民半法院，高等法院处理更为复杂的民事案主要包括民爭 案和一些刑事案，髙等法院有三个分支：（1）家事庭:（2）娃哈哈官庭:（3）王室庭2. Civil Courts in Scotland苏格兰的民事法庭The Civil Courts are the sheriff court and the Court of session.民爭法院包括郡法院和巡冋法院（最高中心法院）3・ Civil Courts in Northern Ireland北爱尔兰的民事法院County Court are primarily civil law courts・ The magistrates* court also deal with certain limited classes of ci vil cases・ The high Court of Justice the superior civil law court・ 郡法院主要是民爭法院治安法庭也审理某些令限类世的民爭案件高等法院就是高级民爭法院青少年法庭，负责审理18岁以下青年的大多数案件IV. The Judiciary司法机构There is no ministry of justice in the United Kingdom. Central responsibility lies with the Lord Chancellor theHome Secretary and the Attorney General. In England and Wales。