
运用反向推导进行读后续写情节构架的策略研究.docx
14页运用反向推导进行读后续写情节构架的策略研究 周萍摘 要:在读后续写中学生难以在有限的时间内快速构思情节为解决这一问题,学生可运用反向推导快速搭建情节首先通过核心冲突和隐藏线索预设故事的结尾,然后以故事的预设结尾来推导中心情节,最后与段首句合围,推断出两段续写的具体情节,完成对故事情节的整体构架关键词:读后续写;反向推导;中心情节读后续写是一种将阅读与写作紧密结合的考查形式,对学生语言能力的要求较高笔者在调查中发现,接近半数的学生认为自己能读懂故事的大意,但由于缺乏对故事发展线索的分析能力和对故事发展细节的想象能力,难以在有限的时间内,编排出后续的故事情节下面,笔者来谈谈如何通过反向推导构架故事的后续情节,从而实现对续写故事的快速构思一、运用反向推导构架情节的教学策略反向推导即先设定故事的结尾,再根据预设的结尾反推情节许多作家害怕预设故事结尾会束缚他们其实,恰恰因为有了结尾,人物才能在结尾规定的范围内更有创造性[1]一)由核心冲突和隐藏线索预设结尾结尾是故事最具挑战性的部分结尾必须解决冲突,从而让大家把悬着的心放回肚子里故事的结尾必须把松散的情节扎緊打牢,而且要成为画龙点睛之笔[2]。
而冲突被公认为故事的引擎,是故事中两个以上势不两立方面之间的矛盾冲撞故事中的冲突通常比生活中的矛盾更加集中,更加迅速,这也直接导致了故事的进展紧张,曲折多变因此,可以找出故事中最突出的矛盾,即核心冲突,以冲突的解决作为故事的终点,来完成对结尾的预设此外,故事中隐藏的线索对预设结尾也有帮助俄国作家契诃夫有一句名言:在第一幕出现的枪,在第三幕中必然会发射[3]这里的“枪”指的是写作时作者在故事前面隐藏的线索,“发射”则是在后面的故事中发挥作用或得以体现因此,对作者而言,故事中没有细节是漫不经心随意摆放的读后续写需要先以读者的身份解构故事,在此基础上建立顺序思维,然后将角色转换成作者,完成故事剩余部分的建构所以,阅读时,必须细心揣摩原文作者留下的线索,如一件有特殊含义的物品、一个隐喻、一个事实,甚至只是一个词、一句话,因为它们为故事的发展指明了方向在预设结尾时将它们考虑在内,对隐藏的线索有交代或回应二)依据预设结尾反推中心情节预设结尾后,需要根据设定的结尾反推出续写部分的中心情节文学作品中的情节,并不是一些生活事件的简单罗列铺陈,而是作家依据一定的原则,通过一定的艺术处理,加以组织、安排而成的[4]。
故事能否对读者产生吸引力,往往取决于情节设计和写作立意[5]中心情节通常为续写时使用笔墨最多,对细节起统领作用的部分如果说故事的结尾是比赛的终点,那么,续写部分的中心情节,承担着结束故事的作用,相当于对终点发起的冲刺所以,中心情节一旦确定,续写部分的其他具体情节就能围绕中心,不偏离故事的主线三)与段首句合围完成情节构架读后续写要求学生根据已知信息推断未知信息,因此学生不仅要充分解读已有信息,还需要具备一定的想象力和创造力,使所填补的未知信息与已知信息具有整体一致性、科学逻辑性以及顺畅连贯性[6]读后续写题型中所给出的段首句常为故事情节发展的过程句,这在一定程度上限制了学生天马行空的想象,并对后续故事的发展起着提示和引导作用因此,在对情节进行反向推导时,要关注两段段首句在情节构架中所起的勾连作用预设结尾、中心情节与段首句三者合围,依据逻辑发展,逐句向前推导,关注句间衔接,填补缺漏情节,完成对故事情节的完整构架二、运用反向推导构架情节的教学实践现以浙江省台州市2020年5月高三年级教学质量评估试卷中的读后续写题为例,来具体说明如何反向推导构架情节一)阅读文本及续写段首句Freddie woke up to see it was snowing—again. The world outside was white. Snow covered the roads, the cars and the houses, and even the driveway Freddie had just shoveled (铲) the day before.“Ugh,” said Freddie. “Now more snow!” He got out of the bed and headed to the bathroom of his regular morning shower. As he reached for the taps, his mother appeared in the doorway.“Ive got the news,” she said. “Theres been so much snow overnight that the roads are slippery and dangerous. I just heard on the radio that they canceled the school buses for the day.”Freddie groaned. “Then how am I supposed to get to school?”His mother grinned. “I guess you dont. Its a snow day!”Freddies eyes lit up. Hed never had a snow day off school before. What should he do first?“Im going back to bed!” Freddie headed back to his room and climbed under the covers. After a few minutes, he realized that it was too late. He was already wide awake. He headed down to the kitchen and then sat at the table, watching his father fry the eggs over in the pan and his mother pour juice and coffee. It was relaxing, thought Freddie.After breakfast his mother suggested he go out and build a snowman. Freddie wasnt too sure. He didnt really like the cold and the snow. Hed rather stay inside and play video games.“You can play afterward, but how about going outside for a little bit? Its good to get some fresh air, and who knows, you might even enjoy yourself.” Freddie unwillingly put on the warm clothes and headed outside.Standing alone in the front yard, with the cold wind blowing, was not Freddies idea of a good time. Knowing his mom meant what she said, the boy sighed, thinking the quicker he completed his snowman, the faster he could go back inside to his video games. He set to work packing up some snow into a large ball.Moments later, he saw one of his friends appearing from his house up the street. Dion waddled(蹣跚) out in his big snow trousers and heavy overcoat. He waved to Freddie.“Hey there! I saw you out here and thought you might want company. Snow days are awesome! ” Dion laughed.Para 1: Freddie was surprised but happy to see his classmate.Para 2: Delighted at the idea, Freddie excitedly ran into his house.(二)文本解读故事的主人公是一个叫Freddie的男孩。
他早晨起来,发现外面又下雪了,这时妈妈告诉他今天不用去上学他想待在家里玩电脑游戏,但妈妈建议他去外面雪地里玩玩,堆个雪人虽然Freddie不情愿,但迫于妈妈的压力,还是出去了三)反向推导步骤1.预设故事结尾,扎紧情节阅读故事,找到故事的冲突和隐藏线索是预设结尾的第一步读后续写的故事通常因篇幅的限制,人物较少,关系相对集中例文故事的前面部分出现了三个人物——Freddie和他的父母,因父亲的介绍只是一带而过,所以主要人物为Freddie和他的妈妈故事发生的背景设置在一个特殊的气候条件下——下雪天,也为情节冲突提供了现实基础,因为故事的核心冲突就在母子俩对当天活动的不同安排上当Freddie在妈妈的要求下,穿上厚外套,来到外面,独自站在院子里,在冷风的吹打下,他感到很无趣就在此时,另一个人物——Freddie的同学Dion出现了以下是依据核心冲突和隐藏线索预设的可能结尾Core conflict】Interpretation:故事中,妈妈两次提出到外面去玩玩和堆雪人的建议,分别用了suggested和how about从Freddie的叹气和心理活动及他知道妈妈不是说说的可以看出,妈妈的建议已经成了一个不得不完成的任务。
如何解决,必须在后面的故事中有所体现Evidence in the story:... his mother suggested he go out and build a snowman.“... how about going outside for a little bit?”Knowing his mom meant what she said, the boy sighed, thinking the quicker he completed his snowman, the faster he could go back inside to his video games.Possible ending 1: With the help of Dion, Freddie made the snowman and they enjoyed themselves.评析:Possible ending 1只是单纯地解决故事的冲突或完成故事的任务Hidden clue 1】Interpretation:Dion的到来打破了故事的僵局——Freddie一个人不想堆雪人,也没有多少兴趣玩雪。
而且,Dion的话——you might want company也带来了故事的转折点,推动故事向前发展Company是故事的关键词之一关键词本身就有服务于情节预设的作用所以朋友的。












