外科学课件:器官移植 Organ Transplantation.ppt
99页Organ Transplantation 2Transplantation is the process of taking a graft—cells, tissues, or organs—from one individual—the donor,and placing it into an other individual—the recipient, or host.31.Historical OverviewThe dream of curing illness and injury by transplanting tissues or entire organs is probably as old as the history of healing itself.Written accounts from Egypt, China and India dating back many centuries describe manifold experimentations in grafting(Sharma and Unruh 2004).4The kidney was the first vital organ to be successfully transplanted.Alexis Carrel successfully transplanted kidneys and other organs in animals and developed techniques of modern vascular surgery that resulted in being awarded a Nobel Prize in 1912. 5In 1933, the Russian surgeon Veronoff performed the first human allograft (kidney from mother to son) without the benefit of tissue typing.In the early 1950s, Medawar and colleagues described rejection and its prevention in mice (Nobel Prize, 1960), which stimulated surgeons to resume human renal transplantation. 6In 1954, Joseph Murray achieved the first In 1954, Joseph Murray achieved the first successful kidney transplantation from one successful kidney transplantation from one identical twin to another without using anti-identical twin to another without using anti-rejection drugs.rejection drugs.7In 1962 the first cadaveric kidney transplant was performed (Transweb 2000). The organ functioned for 21 months. This was made possible thanks to 6-mercaptopurine, the first useful imunosuppressive drug.Rejection of the transplant remained a major obstacle until the late 1970s.8Other organ transplantations followedIn 1963 James Hardy transplanted the first lung.In 1966 there was the first simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation and 1 year later the first successful liver transplantation followed.9The first successful human heart transplantation was performed on 3 December 1967 by Christian Barnard. The recipient initially recovered but subsequently died of pseudomonas pneumonia 18 days later.10Progress in histocompatibility typing, immunosuppressive therapy, and organ preservation and accumulation of clinical experience gradually resulted in further improvement in transplantation that allowed successful replacement of not only failing kidneys but other vital organs as well. 1112132.DefinitionTransplantation can be characterized according to either the genetic relationship between the donor and recipient or the anatomical site of the implantation. 14The genetic relationship is characterized into 4 classes Autograft: the donor and recipient is the same individual.Isotransplantation (Isogrant): the donor and recipient are genetically identical (eg, monozygotic twins). 15Allotransplantation (Allogrant): the donor and recipient are genetically unrelated but belong to the same species.,such as transplantation of an organ from one human to another human or from one dog to another dog.Xenotransplantation (Xenogrant): the donor and recipient belong to different species.16Based on the site of implantation Orthotopic transplantation refers to donor tissue implanted in the anatomically correct position in the recipient; Heterotopic transplantation refers to the relocation of the implant in the recipient at a site different from the normal anatomy. 173. TRANSPLANT IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIONNo field of medicine has been so intimately related to scientific advances as transplantation.The failure has been broadly termed rejection, and its study has fueled most of the major discoveries in immunology.18The degree to which an allograft shares regulatory molecules of the immune system with the recipient is referred to as the histocompatibility of the graft. This is a description of the similarity of a cluster of genes on chromosome 6 known as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC, known as human leukocyte antigen [HLA ] in human beings). 19In the current definition of HLA as six loci on chromosome 6, encoding two r elated cell surface molecules: class I (HLA-A, B, and C) and class II (HLA-DR, DP, and DQ).The most significant advance in immunosuppression was the discovery of cyclosporine by Borel in 1976. 20It is now rare for an allograft to be lost to acute rejection. Future advances must focus on the chronic diseases of a growing transplant population. Ideally, the concept of specific immunological tolerance first described 50 years ago will soon be understood and will allow for transplantation without immunosuppression.21Biology of Transplant Antigen Recognition and DestructionT-Cell ActivationT-Cell AmplificationT-Cell-Mediated CytotoxicityB-Cell Activation and Clonal ExpansionAntibody-Mediated Cytotoxicity22Clinical Rejection SyndromesRejection has been classified as hyperacute, acute, or chronic on the basis of the general pathophysiology and effector arm of the immune system involved. Of these, only acute rejection can be successfully reversed. Though hyperacute rejection is untreatable, it is mostly a preventable phenomenon. Chro nic rejection remains a difficult problem.23Hyperacute RejectionHyperacute rejection (HAR) is caused by Hyperacute rejection (HAR) is caused by presensitization of the recipient to an antigen presensitization of the recipient to an antigen expressed by the donor. It develops in the first expressed by the donor. It develops in the first minutes to hours following graft reperfusion. minutes to hours following graft reperfusion. Antibodies in circulation prior to transplantation, Antibodies in circulation prior to transplantation, the result of prior exposure to donor-type the result of prior exposure to donor-type alloantigens or ABO blood group antigens, bind alloantigens or ABO blood group antigens, bind to the donor tissue. This initiates complement-to the donor tissue. This initiates complement-mediated lysis and induces a procoagulant mediated lysis and induces a procoagulant state, resulting in immediate graft thrombosis.state, resulting in immediate graft thrombosis.24Preoperative verification of proper ABO matching and a negative crossmatch effectively prevents hyperacute rejection in 99.5 percent of transplants.25Acute RejectionAcute rejection is caused primarily by T cells and Acute rejection is caused primarily by T cells and evolves over a period of days to weeks. It can evolves over a period of days to weeks. It can occur at any time after the first 5 postoperative occur at any time after the first 5 postoperative days, but is most common in the first 6 months, days, but is most common in the first 6 months, and is the inevitable result of an allotransplant and is the inevitable result of an allotransplant unless immunosuppression directed against the unless immunosuppression directed against the T cell is used.T cell is used.26The incidence of acute rejection declines with decreasing MHC disparity, but any mismatch puts the patient at risk for T-c ell–mediated graft destruction and mandates T-cell–specific immunosuppression. 27Treatment leads to successful restoration of graft function in 90 to 95 percent of cases, and failure to treat results almost u niformly in graft loss.Most acute rejection episodes for patients on modern immunosuppression therapy are asymptomatic until the secondary effects of organ dysfunction occur.28Chronic RejectionChronic rejection (CR) is poorly understood. Its onset is insidious, occurring over a pe riod of months to years, and because the pathophysiology is not well defined, it is untreatable. Heightened immunosuppression is not effective in reversing or retarding the progression of chronic rejection. 29Chronic rejection requires retransplantation.30HLA matching and the crossmatchMatching for HLA, the major histocompatibility Matching for HLA, the major histocompatibility complex (complex (MHCMHC) in man, presents major logistic ) in man, presents major logistic problems in cadaver transplantation because of problems in cadaver transplantation because of the genetic complexity of the HLA system. the genetic complexity of the HLA system. For many years, following the recognition of For many years, following the recognition of hyperacute rejection of a transplanted kidney in hyperacute rejection of a transplanted kidney in the presence of a positive crossmatch between the presence of a positive crossmatch between donor and recipient, a positive crossmatch was donor and recipient, a positive crossmatch was considered to be an absolute contraindication to considered to be an absolute contraindication to renal transplantation. renal transplantation. 31ImmunosuppressionWithout some attenuation of the immune Without some attenuation of the immune system, all allografts eventually would be system, all allografts eventually would be destroyed.destroyed.Medications used to prevent acute rejection for Medications used to prevent acute rejection for the life of the patient are called maintenance the life of the patient are called maintenance immunosuppressants. These agents are well immunosuppressants. These agents are well tolerated if dosed appropriately. All have side tolerated if dosed appropriately. All have side effects that increase the risk of infection and effects that increase the risk of infection and malignancy. Immunosuppressants used to malignancy. Immunosuppressants used to reverse an acute rejection episode are called reverse an acute rejection episode are called rescue agents. rescue agents. 32CorticosteroidsCorticosteroids, in particular the glucocorticoid Corticosteroids, in particular the glucocorticoid effect of steroid preparations, remain a central effect of steroid preparations, remain a central tool in the prevention and treatment of allograft tool in the prevention and treatment of allograft rejection.rejection.Used alone, they are ineffective in preventing Used alone, they are ineffective in preventing allograft rejection, but in combination with the allograft rejection, but in combination with the other agents described below they significantly other agents described below they significantly impr ove graft survival. impr ove graft survival. 33The adverse effects of steroid therapy are numerous.These events usually can be ameliorated by tapering the steroid dose.34Antiproliferative AgentsAzathioprineMycophenolate Mofetil35Calcineurin InhibitorsCyclosporine Its use resulted in dramatic improvements in the results of all organ transplants, but particularly in hepatic and cardiac transplantation. It has remained a mainstay immunosuppressant in most maintenance regimens.36Tacrolimus Tacrolimus, like cyclosporine, blocks the effec ts of NF-AT, prevents cytokine transcription, and arrests T- cell activation. Tacrolimus is 100 times more potent in blocking IL-2 and IFN-g production than cyclosporine. 37Antilymphocyte PreparationsAntilymphocyte GlobulinOKT3 The only commercially available preparation of monoclonal antibodies for use in organ transplantation i s the murine monoclonal antibody to the signal transduction subunit on human T cells (CD3), known as Orthoclone OKT3. 38Transplant Organ ProcurementI. Donor SelectionI. Donor Selection The greatest obstacle to organ transplantation is The greatest obstacle to organ transplantation is the lack of suitable donor organs. Live donation the lack of suitable donor organs. Live donation has provided an important source of organs, has provided an important source of organs, with annual living kidney donors surpassing with annual living kidney donors surpassing deceased donors. Less frequently, live donation deceased donors. Less frequently, live donation is being utilized in liver and lung transplantation. is being utilized in liver and lung transplantation. The patients waiting for organs outnumber the The patients waiting for organs outnumber the available organs, and the waiting list for organ available organs, and the waiting list for organ transplants grows each year. transplants grows each year. 39II. Deceased Donors (formerly known as brain-dead or cadaveric donors) Strict criteria for establishing brain death include the presence of irreversible coma and the absence of brainstem reflexes (i.e., pupillary, corneal, vestibulo-ocular, or gag reflexes). 40Consent is required from the family, and inquiries into the donor's medical history are made. Ideally, the donor should have stable hemodynamics, although the use of vasopressors is common. All patients meeting brain death criteria should be considered as potential donors. 41Surgical Technique of the Abdominal Organ ProcurementOrgan procurement is the lifeblood of organ transplantation.It is an essential part of the organ transplantation and contributes for at least 50% to its success or failure. 424344454647484950515253Living donor nephrectomy545556575859Renal/Kidney transplantation60IntroductionTransplantation of the kidney has become the treatment of choice for endstage renal failure in most age groups with perhaps the exception of the very young and the very old. That this has happened over the past 40 years represents one of the most significant developments in medicine in this century. 61Indications for renal transplantationGlomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritis Idiopathic and postinfectious Idiopathic and postinfectious crescentic Membranous Mesangiocapillary (type I) crescentic Membranous Mesangiocapillary (type I) Mesangiocapillary (type II) (dense deposit disease) IgA Mesangiocapillary (type II) (dense deposit disease) IgA nephropathy Anti-GBM Focal glomerulosclerosis nephropathy Anti-GBM Focal glomerulosclerosis Henoch–SchönleinHenoch–SchönleinChronic pyelonephritisChronic pyelonephritis (reflux nephropathy) (reflux nephropathy)HereditaryHereditary Polycystic kidneys Nephronophthisis Polycystic kidneys Nephronophthisis (medullary cystic disease) Nephritis (including Alport's (medullary cystic disease) Nephritis (including Alport's syndrome)syndrome)MetabolicMetabolic Diabetes mellitus Oxalosis Cystinosis Diabetes mellitus Oxalosis Cystinosis Fabry's disease Amyloid GoutFabry's disease Amyloid Gout62Obstructive uropathyObstructive uropathyToxicToxic Analgesic nephropathy Opiate abuse Analgesic nephropathy Opiate abuseMultisystem diseasesMultisystem diseases Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus Vasculitis Progressive systemic sclerosisVasculitis Progressive systemic sclerosisHaemolytic uraemic syndromeHaemolytic uraemic syndromeTumoursTumours Wilms' tumour Renal cell carcinoma Wilms' tumour Renal cell carcinoma Incidental carcinoma MyelomaIncidental carcinoma MyelomaCongenital HypoplasiaCongenital Hypoplasia Horseshoe kidney Horseshoe kidneyIrreversible acute renal failureIrreversible acute renal failure Cortical necrosis Acute Cortical necrosis Acute tubular necrosistubular necrosisTraumaTrauma6364656667Surgical steps686970717273747576 777879808182ComplicationsTechnical complicationsImmunological complicationsCardiovascular complications8384858687888990919293姓名:克拉什尼奇(Ivan Klasnic) 国籍:克罗地亚 场上位置:前锋 出生日期:1980年1月29日 身高:182cm 体重:76kg 现效力俱乐部:不莱梅 曾效力俱乐部:圣保利 94 Liver transplantation9596979899谢谢!。





