古两河大事年表.doc

古美索不达米亚大事年表（Ancient Mesopotamian Timeline） 约公元前8000-前7000年在加尔莫开始种植谷物（大小麦）和饲养动物（绵羊、山羊、猪和牛）在莫瑞比特出土了火烧的粘土女性雕像ca. 8000–7000 BC The first evidence of domesticated grains (wheat and barley) and animals (sheep, goat, pig, and cattle) are found at Jarmo. Baked clay female figures occur at Mureybit 公元前5500‐前5000年 哈孙那时期：最早的制陶文化 5500-5000 BC Hassunah period: earliest pottery making culture 公元前5500‐前4500年 哈拉夫时期：陶器文化，懂得了金属知识 5500-4500 BC Halaf period: pottery culture with knowledge of metal 公元前4300 -前3500 年 欧贝德时期：南部美索不达米亚第一个著名的文化；装饰陶器，刀耕火种；开始修建神庙和其他复杂建筑物。

此后是青铜和文字的乌鲁克时代 4300 - 3500 BC Ubaid period: first well-known culture from southern Mesopotamia; painted pottery and simple agriculture; the Ubaids give the first evidence of temple and other sophisticated architecture Al Ubaid period: followed by the Uruk period of 公元前3500-前3100年乌鲁克时期：继欧贝德后南部美索不达米亚的第一个文明，使用青铜和文字，这个时代也是美索不达米亚原始文字时期的开端3500 - 3100 BC Uruk period: first civilization after the Ubaid in southern Mesopotamia; copper and writing；the Uruk period marks the beginning of the Protoliterate period in Mesopotamia 公元前3500 年 苏美尔人控制了两河下游之间的城邦：埃瑞都、乌尔、乌鲁克、拉伽什和温马 3500 BC Sumerians control city-states between the lower Euphrates and Tigris rivers: Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Umma 公元前3400年高拉和尼尼微时代：北部美索不达米亚 3400 BC Gawra and Ninevite periods: Northern Mesopotamia 公元前3300年乌鲁克的苏美尔人发明了写在泥板上的图画文字 3300 BC Sumerians of Uruk invent pictographic writing on clay tablets 公元前3250年苏美尔人发明了轮子 3250 BC Sumerians invent the wheel 1 公元前3100-前2900年传说时代：埃利都、巴德提比腊、拉拉克、西帕尔、舒如帕克 3100-2900 BC Legendary period: Eridu, Badtibira, Lalak, Sippar, Shurrupak 公元前3000-前2900年乌鲁克的苏美尔人发明了楔形文字 3000-2900 BC Sumerians of Uruk invent cuneiform writing 公元前2900-前2371年早王朝时代：南部美索不达米亚由争霸的城邦组成。

出现了诸如乌鲁克这样的较大的独立城市建筑物增多，艺术品质量提高文字用于行政管理，一些泥板上写了许多文学作品，包括赞美诗2900 - 2371 BC Southern Mesopotamia was divided between competing city-states. The emergence of large independent cities such as Uruk. An increase in building and an improvement in the quality of artistic products. The earliest writing is largely administrative, but inscribed clay tablets contain many literary texts, including poetic hymns. 公元前2700年吉尔伽美什统治乌鲁克城 2700 BC The Sumerian king Gilgamesh rules the city of Uruk 公元前2600年 舒巴德王后葬于乌尔皇陵中2600 BC Queen Shudu-ad is buried in royal graves of Ur 拉伽什第1王朝 历史上首批帝国之一就是恩安那吞姆统治时期的拉伽什，迫公元前2600- 前2371年使竞争对手温马纳贡。

1st Dynasty of Lagsh (3080 - 2890) One of the first empires known to history was that of Eannatum of Lagash, and reduced to tribute the city-state of Umma, arch-rival of Lagas 公元前2550年美斯安耐帕达建立了乌尔第一王朝 2550 BC Mesanepada establishes the first dynasty of Ur 公元前2378-前2371年拉伽什的乌鲁卡基那建立 “自由” 2378 -2371BC Uru-inim-gina of Lagash established “freedom” (amargi) 公元前2371年卢旮尔扎格西即位为温马统治者，征服了大多数苏美尔城市，摧毁了拉伽什城邦采用乌鲁克之王和国土之王的王衔 2371 BC Lugal-zagesi becomes king of Umma, conquers most Sumerian cities and destroys the city-state of Lagash, and takes the title King of Uruk and King of Lands 阿卡德帝国 萨尔贡征服了彼此竞争的苏美尔城市，统一了大部分美索不公元前2371- 前2191年米亚和北叙利亚。

在那拉穆辛统治时期，阿卡德帝国臻于极 2 盛阿卡德语成为了维持世界上第一个帝国的新行政机构的通用语言该时期的艺术具有自然主义风格，印章和浮雕有神话和叙述性场景Akkadian Empire (2371-2191) Sargon brought the rival Sumerian cities under his control by conquest and then united much of Mesopotamia and northern Syria through conquest. The Akkadian empire reached its apogee under Naram-Sin. Akkadian becomes the lingua franca of the new administrative apparatus that maintains the world's first empire. The arts of this period acquire a new naturalistic dynamism. Seals and relief carvings include novel mythological and narrative scenes. 公元前2371-前2316 萨尔贡原是基什王乌尔扎巴巴的持杯官。

萨尔贡突袭了卢旮尔扎格西的首都乌鲁克，摧毁了乌鲁的的城墙萨尔贡一直征伐到波斯湾一旦征服了城邦，萨尔贡就拆除城墙，免除日后反抗的隐患恩西若主动臣服，则保留他们，否则就会派遣他的人接替这样，他废除了旧的城邦体制，将之转化为中央集权政府他在要害地带建立要塞，控制全国和征收赋税他是建立常备军的第一个国王他建立了都城阿卡德2371-2316 BC Sargon began his career a cupbearer (similar to treasurer) to a Sumerian king of Kish called Ur-Zababa. Sargon launched a surprise attack against Lugalzagesi´s capital Uruk and destroyed its walls. Sargon continued his conquests on the way to the Persian Gulf. When Sargon conquered city-states, he destroyed their walls so that potential rebels were deprived of strongholds. If the Ensi was willing to shift his allegiance to Sargon, Sargon kept the old administration in office; otherwise, he filled governorships with his own citizens. In this way, he encouraged the collapse of the old city-state system and moved toward centralized government. Sargon installed military garrisons at key positions to manage his vast empire and ensure the uninterrupted flow of tribute. He was the first king to have a standing army. Sargon built the capital city of Akkad. 公元前2291-前2255年那拉穆辛武功卓著。

为了宣扬他的胜利，他增加了“天下四方之王” 的王衔，神化自身为“阿卡德的神” 2291-2255 BC Naram-Sin’s military victories were numerous. To proclaim his conquests, Naram-Sim added “king of the four quarters” to his list of titles and even deified himself as the “god of Akkad” 公元前2191 来自东方扎格罗斯山的库提人入侵摧毁了阿卡德帝国2191 BC Akkdian Empire’s collapse was prompted by the invasion of a people, Gutians, from the Zagros mou。