
财政学双语课后总结加重点分析.doc
34页财政学Chapter 11、Unified budget: The document which itemizes(逐项列出) all the federal government’s expenditures(支出) and revenues(收入).统一预算:联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出2、regulatory budget: An annual statement of the costs imposed on(施加影响于) the economy by government regulations.(Currently, there is no such budget.)管制预算:政府管制给经济造成的成本的年度报告目前尚无)3、entitlement programs: Programs whose expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify, rather than preset budget allocations(分配).公民权力性计划 其支出由符合条件的人数而非预先的预算安排来决定的计划。
Summary :1、public finance ,also known as public sector economics or public economics, focuses on the taxing and spending activities of government and their influence on the allocation of resources and distribution(分配) of income.财政学,也称公共部门经济学或公共经济学,以政府的收支活动及其资源配置与收入分配的影响为研究对象2、In an organic view of society ,individuals are valued only by their contribution to the realization of social goals. These goals are determined by the government.按照社会有机论,个人只有在有助于社会目标实现时才有价值这些目标有政府来决定3、In a mechanistic view of society ,government is a contrivance(发明) erected(建立) to further individual goals. It is not clear now the government can reconcile(协调) sometimes conflicting individual goals.按照社会机械论,政府是为了促进个人目标的实现而人为创立的东西。
政府如何能协调有时是相互冲突的个人目标,尚不清楚4、Personal income and social security payroll taxes(工资税) are currently(目前) the largest sources of government revenue.个人所得税和社会保障工薪税是目前政府收入的最大来源Chapter 21、 substitution effect: The tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and less of another because of a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效应 一个人因一种商品相对于另一种商品的价格降低而多消费前者,少消费后者的倾向2、 normal good :A good for which demand increases as income increases and demand decreases as income decreases, other things being the same.正常品 在其他条件相同的情况下,其需求随着收入的增加而上升、随着收入的减少而下降的商品。
3、 income effect :The effect of a price change on the quantity demanded(需求量) due exclusively(唯一的) to the fact that the consumer’s income has changed.收入效应 价格变化对需求量的影响完全是由于消费者的实际收入的变化所致Summary :1、 Experimental studies randomly assign subjects to either a treatment group or control group .Random assignment reduces the likelihood that outside factors will lead the researcher to confuse correlation(相关性) with causation.实验研究随机地把研究对象分成处理组或控制组随机分派降低了外部因素导致研究者把相关性与因果性相混淆的可能性2、 Quasi-experiments can be structured in several ways, such as a difference-in-difference analysis, instrumental variables analysis, and regression-discontinuity analysis.准实验的研究方法有若干,比如双重差异分析、工具变量分析以及回归间断分析等。
Chapter 31、 welfare economics: The branch of economic theory concerned with the social desirability(合意) of alternative economic states.福利经济学 研究各种经济状态的社会可取性的经济理论分支2、 Pareto efficient: An allocation of resources such that no person can be made better off without making another person worse off.帕累托效率 一种资源配置状态,在该状态下,如果不使一个人的境况变差就不可能使另一个人的境况变好3、 Pareto improvement: A reallocation of resources that makes at least one person better off without making anyone else worse off.帕累托改进 资源的重新配置可在不使任何人的境况变差的前提下,至少使一个人的境况变好。
The first fundamental theorem of welfare economics福利经济学第一基本定理Fairness and the second fundamental theorem of welfare economics公平与福利经济学第二基本定理内涵)Market failure 市场失灵原因1) market power 市场影响力2) nonexistence of markets 市场不存在4、 asymmetric information :A situation in which one party engaged in an economic transaction has better information about the good or service traded than the other party.不对称信息 从事经济交易中的一方对所交易商品或服务的情况比另一方知道得更多的情形5、 externality :An activity of one entity(实体) affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outside the market.外部性 一个实体的活动以市场机制之外的方式对另一实体的福利产生影响。
6、 public good :A good that is non rival and non excludable in consumption(消费).公共物品 消费具有非竞争性和非排他性的物品Summary1、A Pareto efficient allocation occurs when no person can be made better off without making another person worse off. Pareto efficiency requires that each person’s marginal rate of substitution(边际替代率) between two commodities equal the marginal rate of transformation. Pareto efficiency is the economist’s benchmark(标准) of efficiency performance for an economy.如果不使他人的境况变好就不能使一个人的境况变好,这就实现了帕累托效率配置。
帕累托效率要求,每个人对两种商品的边际替代率等于边际转换率帕累托效率是经济学家判断经济是否有效运行的标准3、 The First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics states that, under certain conditions, competitive market mechanisms lead to Pareto efficient outcomes.福利经济学第一基本定理指出,在某些条件下,竞争市场机制会产生帕累托效率的结果4、 The second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics states that society can attain(实现) any Pareto efficient allocation of resource by making a suitable assignment of initial(最初的) endowments(资源禀赋) and then letting people freely trade with each other.福利经济学的第二基本定理指出,社会通过适当地安排初始资源禀赋,然后让人们彼此自由地交易,就可以实现帕累托效率资源配置。
5、A second reason for government intervention(干预) is market failure ,which may occur in the presence of market power or when markets do not exist.政府干预的第二个理由是市场失灵,如果存在市场影响力或者市场不存在,就会出现市场失灵Chapter 41、 pure public good :A commodity that。
