英语论文引言的写作技巧.docx

名师归纳总结 精品word资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -引言的写作技巧学术论文中的引言 〔Introduction〕 是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画；引言尽管不像摘要那样有肯定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式， 但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律；本章第一介绍这些规 律，然后探讨需要把握的语言技巧；8.1 引言的内容与结构布局引言的主要任务是向读者勾画出全文的基本内容和轮廓； 它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项： 介绍某讨论领域的背景、 意义、进展状况、目前的水公平 ; 对相关领域的文献进行回忆和综述， 包括前人的讨论成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评判或比较；指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问解这 些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己讨论课题的动机与义；说明自己讨论课题的目的；概括论文的主要内容，或勾画其大体轮廓；如何合理支配以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描画清楚，并非简洁之事； 体会告知我们， 引言其实是全文最难写的—部分；这是由于作者对有关学科领域的熟识程度， 作者的学问是渊博、 仍是贫乏， 讨论的意义何在、 价值如何等问题， 都在引言的字里行间得以充分表达；我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来支配 〔 如图 8.1 所 第 1 页，共 33 页 - - - - - - - - -名师归纳总结 精品word资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -示〕 ；第一层由讨论背景、意义、进展状况等内容组成，其中仍包括某一讨论领域的文献综述； 其次层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题， 从而引出自己的讨论动机与意义； 第三层说明自己讨论的具体目的与内容； 最终是引言的结尾， 可以介绍一下论文的组成部分；第一层：1〕 Introducingthe generalresearchareaincludingitsbackground,developmentimportance,andpresentlevelof2〕 Reviewing previous research in this area其次层：Indicating the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question第三层：Specifying the purpose of your research第四层：1) Announcing your major findings 第 2 页，共 33 页 - - - - - - - - -名师归纳总结 精品word资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -2) Outlining the contents of your paper图 8.1 引言的结构布局之一值得留意的是， 引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别； 这一点与摘要大不一样，摘要中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容各 自所占的篇幅大体比例一样； 而在引言中， 第一个层次往往占去大部分篇幅；对讨论背景和目前的讨论状况进行较为具体的介绍； 讨论目的可能会比较简短；引言与摘要仍有一点不同的是，摘要中必需把主要讨论结果列出，而在引言中 〔 假如摘要与正文一同登出 〕 结果就可以省略不写， 这是由于正文中特地有一节写结果 〔results〕 ，不必在引言中重复；下面这段引言的例子摘自一篇关于混合电动汽车的讨论论文， 大部分篇幅介绍讨论背景；例 1A Hybrid Internal Combustion Engine/Battery Electric Passenger Car for Petroleum DisplacementI. Forster and J. R. BumbyINTRODUCTION分析：第一层 〔 第 1— 5 段〕 ： 介绍混合电动汽车的 讨论背景、意义、目 前的进展水平，需要 解决的问题等； 第 3 页，共 33 页 - - - - - - - - -名师归纳总结 精品word资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -[1] The finite nature of the world's oil resources and the general concern about automobile emissions have prompted the adoption of energy conservation policies and emphasized the need to transfer energy demandfrom oil to other sources of energy, such as natural gas, coal and nuclear.[2] A transfer of energy from oil to electricity can be achieved to a limited extent in the road trans-port sector by the increased use of electric vehicle. However, such vehicles are limited in range due to the amount Of energy that can he realistically stored on-board the vehicle withoutaffecting payload. As a consequence of this, electric vehicles must he used in situations where daily usage is well defined, for example, in urbandelivery duty. Indeed, it has been in such vehicles as the urban milk delivery vehicles that electrictraction drives have been traditionally appliedwith a great deal of success. Currently the demandis for urban electric vehicles to he developed with greater traffic compatibility in terms of speed and range.第 1 段：指出混合电动汽车的讨论背景；世界石油资源的有限性及人们对汽车排放问题的广泛关注使得能源转换问题尤为重要；第 2 段：使用电动汽车能够从某种程度上实现能源转换；但问题是电动汽车的续驶里程比内燃机车短；所以目前要解决的问题是提高电动汽车的速度和续驶里程；[3] Although urban delivery vehicle applications will help to reduce the dependence of the road transport sector on petroleum-based fuels, the major part of this market requires vehicles that are not limited in range and have a performance compatible with internal combustion, i.e. enginevehicles. The use of advanced traction batterytechnology to overcome the range limitation of第 3 段：市场要求电动汽车的续驶里程及工作性能与内燃机汽车媲美，但是，即使先进电池可以提高电动汽车的续驶里程， 但仍会有一些问题不能解决； 第 4 页，共 33 页 - - - - - - - - -名师归纳总结 精品word资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -electric vehicles is one possible solution. However, this would still result in a vehicle limited in range and mayin itself create additional problems. For example, due to the much greater on- board stored energy, the charging time requiredwill be greater than at present.[4] The range limitations of the pure electric vehicle can be overcome by using a hybrid i.c. engine/electric drive which incorporates both ani.c. engine and an electric traction system. Al- though such a vehicle can be designed to meet a number of objectives, it has been argued that avehicle which seeks to remove the range limitationof the electric vehicle while substituting a substantial amount of petroleum fuel by electrical energy is the vehicle most worth pursuing. With the emphasis of the vehicle design on the electric drive train, the intention may be to operate in an all-electric modeunder urban conditions and to use the i.c. engine for long-distance motorway driving.The hybrid 。