大学英语精读Book2-Unit10PPT课件.ppt
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2021/6/71 l Introductionl Background Information l Discourse Analysisl Language Pointsl Figures of Speechl AssignmentsOutline2021/6/72 Introduction What is praise? Means of Praising Power of praiseA story Discussion2021/6/73 Ø What is praise ?l Praise means God worship in religion world Christians go to church to sing praise songs to God.2021/6/74 Praise is making positive statements of an object in the daily life. Praise is an expression of appreciation to any virtue. 2021/6/75 Ø Means of Praising Words are the first means of praising chosen by people, e.g.Great！！ You are so kind.Staying with you is so good.You really mean much to me. “Well done ”.“You look after us really well ”2021/6/76 Body language can help us give praise. Body language like this gesture expresses praise.Other body languages like smile, hug, nod also convey praise.2021/6/77 An active attitude implies a praise.Bob doesn’t enjoy gardening himself, but he nourishes the plant for you just because you ask him to, Bob’s attitude means praise to you.2021/6/78 Concrete help is a perfect praise in the world.A hand available in need is a perfect praise. Mary always gives you a hand when you are in trouble. It indicates that Mary praises you so sincerely.2021/6/79 Ø A StoryAn Italian girl had a beautiful voice and liked singing, so her father found a famous musician to teach her who pointed out every mistake she made. Gradually, she became nervous when she sang. Because she was afraid to make mistakes. Later, she quit singing. One day a salesman said to her: “You sing beautifully, why don’t you 2021/6/710 sing in a concert?” when he heard her singing by accident. Then she made a try. Whenever she sang on the stage, the salesman sat in the first row and smiled to her, carrying a bunch of flowers. Several years later, she became a well-known musician. 2021/6/711 Q: The musician, who knew music well, stifled (阻阻止止，，压压制制)a real talent; the salesman, who had no knowledge of music, made her become a famous musician. Why? Answer: Because the musician didn’t know praising, while the salesman did. The story shows us that praise is the most effective encouragement and effective praise could change one’s life.2021/6/712 It is true that in the world not only actors but also the common people need applause. With no praise anyone will lose self-confidence and life will become cold and dull. 2021/6/713 Ø DiscussionHave you had the similar experience or have you heard of the similar story? What do you think of praise?2021/6/714 Ø Power of praisePraise is sunlight, without it the flower of our life will not bloom;Praise is binder（（黏黏合合剂剂 ), which can keep friends around you;Praise is also a fresh air, it helps to remove one’s low spirits and urge one to make progress (扫除沉闷，催人向上扫除沉闷，催人向上).2021/6/715 Background Information Tip Behavioral science William Shakespeare Mark Twain 2021/6/716 Ø What is a tip ? It’s a small gift of money for service . Originally, it’s used to insure prompt service or to speed service. Now, It’s common in American and European hotels and restaurants to add a service charge of about 10% to 20% to the bills. Many waiters and waitresses depend largely on tips for their livelihood. 2021/6/717 Behavioral Science is a branch of science (as psychology, sociology, or anthropology) that deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior in society. Ø Behavioral ScienceSkinner, a famous behavioral Scientist2021/6/718 Skinner box and S-R Theory1. A starved rat was placed in the box ; 2.2. When the lever was pressed by the rat, a small pellet of food was dropped onto a tray;2021/6/719 Conclusion:An act rewarded tends to be repeated. 3. The rat soon learned that when he pressed the lever he would receive some food, so he kept pressing the lever repeatedly.2021/6/720 William Shakespeare(1564-1616) was an English playwright and poet, recognized in much of the world as the greatest of all dramatists. He wrote forty plays, including comedies, histories and tragedies. Ø William Shakespeare Tragedies:Hamlet OthelloKing LearMacbeth《《麦克白麦克白》》 Romeo and JulietComedies:The Twelfth NightA Midsummer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of VeniceAs You Like It 《《皆大欢喜皆大欢喜》》2021/6/721 Many words, phrases and quotations from Shakespeare's writings have become part of the common property of English-speaking people.Shakespeare made full use of the great resources of the English language. In his works about twenty-five thousand words have been used! “Our praises are our wages.”2021/6/722 Ø Mark Twain Mark Twain (1835-1910) is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, a great American writer and humorist.Mark Twain was one of the great artists of all time. He was and is one authentic giant of our national literature.The first truly American writer, and all of us since are his heirs. --William Faulkner2021/6/723 His famous works:Long novelsThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆《汤姆·索亚历险记》索亚历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝里《哈克贝里·芬历险记》芬历险记》The bitter line records 《苦行记》《苦行记》2021/6/724 30,000 inheritance 《《三万元遗产》三万元遗产》A real story 《一个真实的故事》《一个真实的故事》A good boy, a bad boyCard County Frog 《卡县名蛙》《卡县名蛙》The dog’s narrate 《狗的自述》《狗的自述》The most famous playThe Million Pound Note 《百万英镑》《百万英镑》 Short novels “I can live for two months on a good compliment.” 2021/6/725 Discourse AnalysisPart DivisionPraise activity True or FalseFurther Understanding2021/6/726 Ø Part DivisionPart Paras Main Idea 11 -- 3 24 -- 6 An example that shows the importance of praiseThe possible reasons why people are so chary about giving praise.2021/6/727 Ø Part DivisionPart Paras Main Idea37--12 4 13--14The author takes people of different sorts for example and further explains that praise can bring about unexpected good effect on them.The author encourages people to give more praise to others.2021/6/728 1.The author had decided to quit her job but a few words of praise from a customer changed her mind.Ø True or False 2. We are reluctant to criticize but eager to praise other people.F( )According to the author, we are often eager to criticize but reluctant to praise other people.T( )2021/6/729 3. One of the author’s friends is good at languages and this ability has enabled her to make friends with foreigners.She is not much of a linguist.F4. According to the author, people often feel embarrassed when they hear compliments. ( )T2021/6/730 5. Of all people, housewives need praise the most. ( )T6. Mothers need to be told that for children an ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding.( )FThey know that instinctively.2021/6/731 7. Through experiments it has been learned that a person tends to repeat his behavior if such behavior is rewarded.( )T8. In most schools, students who fail to get praise are the ones who need it the most.( )T2021/6/732 Ø Further UnderstandingⅠ. What are the profits of praise?Ⅳ. How to accept praise gracefully?Ⅱ. Why are people so chary about praising?Ⅲ. To whom should praise be given ?Ⅴ. How to give praise in good manner?2021/6/733 Ⅰ. What are the profits of praise? Instance one: the author’s experience as a waitress. Praise made her tiredness vanish suddenly, helped her pick up courage and go on with the job. Instance two: Experiments on school-children .l Profits of praise for the receiver2021/6/734 Report CompletionRead Line 71 to Line 83 , complete the following report of the experiment made by behavioral scientists.Purpose: To prove that any human being tends to repeat an act which has been immediately followed by a pleasant result.Objects of experiment: Schoolchildren.2021/6/735 Process: Children are divided into three groups. One group was consistently praised for its previous performance; another group was criticized; the third was ignored.Results:Those who were praised improved dramatically. Those who were criticized improved some. Those who were ignored hardly improved at all.2021/6/736 Conclusion:Brightest children were helped just as much by criticism as by praise, but the less able children reacted badly to criticism, needed praise most.Unexpected findings: The less able children in most schools fail to get the pat on the back.2021/6/737 l ProfitsofpraiseforthegiverProfitsofpraiseforthegiverInstance one : a mother’s beliefA mother knows instinctively that: An ounce of praise is worth a pound of criticism for children.2021/6/738 Instance two: A composition teacher’s experienceThe teacher will get far more constructive results if he comments favorably on the Ss’ improvement above his usual level instead of drowning Ss’ compositions in critical red ink.2021/6/739 Instance three : A friend ‘s experienceA friend of mine who travels widely, not much of a linguist , does know how to say one word: “beautiful” in several language, this ability has earned her friends all over the world.2021/6/740 l ProfitsforboththereceiverandProfitsforboththereceiverandthegiverthegiver The Author’s Conclusion : 1 Bring joy into others’ lives, 2 Add happiness into our own.2021/6/741 ⅡⅡ. Why are people so chary about praising?Few people know how to accept compliments gracefully. People are embarrassed and shrug off the words they are really glad to hear.2021/6/742 ⅢⅢ. To whom should praise be given ?The author’s opinion People who do routine jobs ;People who do hard and dirty jobs;people whose efforts goes unnoticed ;Less able children.ConclusionAnyone who have virtues;Anything which contains good qualities.2021/6/743 ⅣⅣ. How to accept praise gracefully?The author’s opinion:Never shrug off the praise you receivedSome communication rules :An active response is a good manner;Responding interactively is encouraged . 2021/6/744 Responses in English culture : Thanks. I am glad you like it . I’m very glad you think so. Thank you. It’s nice of you to say so . Thank you. It’s really nothing special..2021/6/745 No, no, it’s nothing. It’s not so good. You cannot say so. Don’t say that. Welcome. It’s my duty.Wrong Responses:2021/6/746 ⅤⅤ. How to give praise in good manner?l Praise sincerely We praise to tell others we really appreciate him or her . We praise not to show we have got the communication skills. 2021/6/747 Tom is different from Peter in belief, tradition, custom and value, When giving praise ,take the culture gap into consideration. l Praise with culture consideration 2021/6/748 What do you think of criticism? Are praise and criticism conflicting or complementary?Questions Praise and criticism are good partners . Praise tells us we are so wonderful. Criticism tells us we are not perfect. Praise and criticism are not conflicting but complementary. 2021/6/749 Ø Praise activity l My sincere praise to youl Praise the people around you2021/6/750 Language PointsWords and Expressions:profit exhaust make out appreciateconvey pat on the back shrug off be alert toDifficult sentences:1.It is a pity that there isn’t more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comments.2. It’s especially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned.2021/6/751 1.profit n.2. (1) advantage or good obtained from sth. 3. 益处益处,利益利益 [U]4. e.g. We gained a lot of profit from your advice. (2) money gained in business利润利润,盈利盈利; 收益收益,红利红利[C][U] make ~ s获利获利; gross ~(s)毛利毛利; net ~(s)净利净利 e.g. 他卖掉房子获利五万美元。
他卖掉房子获利五万美元 He of fifty thousand US dollars on his house. 我们从你的建议中我们从你的建议中获益匪浅获益匪浅made a profit2021/6/752 CF. profit: 利润，益处；指利润时常用复数利润，益处；指利润时常用复数benefit: 可兼指物质利益或精神方面的好处可兼指物质利益或精神方面的好处;特指政府救济金特指政府救济金interest: 利益利益;利息利息unemployment benefitsick benefit death benefit long-term benefit mutual benefit survivor benefit 失业救济金失业救济金疾病津贴疾病津贴死亡抚恤金死亡抚恤金长期受益长期受益; 长远利益长远利益互惠互惠, 互利互利遗属抚恤金遗属抚恤金2021/6/753 beneficial: 指对健康、身心或事业指对健康、身心或事业“有益有益”。
profitable: 有有利利，，用用途途较较广广泛泛，，着着重重可可以以获获得得实实际际好好处处，，特特别别是是物物质质或或钱钱财财方方面面的利益vt. be of advantage to 有益于，有利于有益于，有利于Telling liesIt will profit you to absorb as much knowledge as possible while at university.撒谎对你无益撒谎对你无益won't profit you.2021/6/754 vi. Be benefited or helped 有益有益,有利有利; 得益得益, 获益获益(+by/from)He learned to profit by his mistakes. 他学会了从自己的错误中他学会了从自己的错误中获益获益 我们从专家的工作中我们从专家的工作中得到益处得到益处We of the specialist. profit from the work2021/6/755 2. exhaust vt.（（1 tire out 使精疲力尽使精疲力尽 After working for twenty hours without any rest, the doctors felt exhausted.这项实验既费时又费力。
这项实验既费时又费力The experiment is very time-consuming and exhausting.exhausting a. exhausted a. exhaustive a. 彻底的，详尽的彻底的，详尽的They have exhausted themselves working.2021/6/756 (2) use up 用尽，花光，耗尽用尽，花光，耗尽She did not cry, tears were exhausted.They have exhausted the supply of food.n. 排气管，排气孔；废气，废液排气管，排气孔；废气，废液car ~ ; ~ steam heating 废气供暖废气供暖她不哭了，眼泪已哭干了2021/6/757 3. make out vt. (1). write in a complete form, fill out Could you make out a detailed list for me? The teacher made out a list of books for students to read.(2). understandI just couldn’t make out how the fire started. 你们知道他是谁吗？你们知道他是谁吗？Can you make out who he is ?2021/6/758 Collocation:make fun of make for make ends meetmake one’s waymake up for取笑取笑走向，冲向走向，冲向收收支平衡支平衡艰难前进艰难前进编造，弥补编造，弥补2021/6/759 4. convey: v. make (ideas, views, feelings, etc.) known to another person.我将把这消息通知他。
我将把这消息通知他I’ll convey the information to him.我的情感难以言表我的情感难以言表I can't convey my feelings in words.2021/6/760 5. appreciate: v.(1) be thankful for 感激，感谢感激，感谢(2) understand and enjoy 欣赏，鉴赏欣赏，鉴赏我们十分感谢你所做的一切我们十分感谢你所做的一切We greatly appreciated what you have done.You have done so much for me; I really appreciate your kindness. 2021/6/761 美味的食品人人喜欢美味的食品人人喜欢Delicious food is appreciated by everyone.The play was really good. Everybody appreciated it.Note: appreciate + 名词名词/代词代词/动名词动名词I appreciated __ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. A. having been given B. having givenC. to have been given D. to have givenA2021/6/762 6. shrug off: dismiss something as not deserving one’s attention or as unimportant.老板对工人们的抱怨老板对工人们的抱怨置之不理置之不理。
The boss shrugged off the workers’ complaints. In whatever situations, he can shrug off his problems and keep smiling. 2021/6/763 人人都需要赞扬人人都需要赞扬 7. pat on the back: praise or encouragementEvery one needs a pat on the back.Everybody there patted him on the back. He patted himself on the back for he was the only one to pass the exam.2021/6/764 The policemen were told to be alert to the dangers they were facing.8. be alert (to): be quick to see and act; be watchful 留意留意Be alert to everything around you. Be alert to the small excellences around us --- and comment on them. 2021/6/765 1. It is a pity that there isn’t more effort to relay pleasing and flattering comments. Paraphrase: Difficult sentences:It is a pity that people will not make more efforts to pass on the pleasing comments; It is a pity that people prefer to pass on spiteful comments;People are quick to blame and slow to praise. 2021/6/766 2. It’s especially rewarding to give praise in areas in which effort generally goes unnoticed or unmentioned. It’s especially significant to give praise to those whose efforts generally receive no notice or mention ,such as housework.Paraphrase:2021/6/767 Speaking or writing about familiar things in unusual ways is called figurative language. This type of writing gives new meanings to ordinary words. Figurative language is used to encourage readers to think in a fresh new way. It includes several specific methods known as figures of speech.a distinguished man – a star; the world –stage; the moon – lamp of night2021/6/768 The most common figures of speech are simile, metaphor, and personification and hyperbole. These figures of speech are powerful tools to help a writer express ideas more vividly and attractively.Besides skillful writing techniques employed by the writer, the language in this text is also very beautiful because of the figures of speech. They not only make2021/6/769 Let’s find these figures of speech in the text and analyze their parts in expressing the writer’s idea.How many? What are they?the reasoning incisive, but also add to the artistic charm of the text.2021/6/770 Simile (明喻明喻)Definition: a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another, in such a way as to clarify and enhance an image. It is an explicit comparison recognizable by the use of the word “like” or “as”.Example: praise is like sunlight to the human spirit. (line 12)( CF. Praise is very important …)Effect: vivid and concrete2021/6/771 Metaphor（隐喻，暗喻）（隐喻，暗喻）An implied comparison between two unlike things that actually have something important in common. (One thing is another)Two examples: (1) “…while most of us are … the cold wind of criticism, …the warm sunshine of praise”(lines13-15)(2) Our praises are our wages. (line 42)Effect: vivid and concrete2021/6/772 Examples: (1) I can live for two months on a good compliment. (line 42)Hyperbole (夸张夸张)A figure of speech that uses great exaggeration. It often gives the readers a humorous image of what the writer is describing. The exaggeration also may be used to make a point or to create a certain effect. 2021/6/773 (2) One teacher writes that instead of drowning students’ composition in critical ink . (lines 51-52)Effect: (1) emphasize sth. (2) provoke the reader’s imagination2021/6/774 Alliteration (头韵法头韵法)Repetition of initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables (as wild and wooly, threatening and throngs). Alliteration gives a sentence a musical quality, and it also emphasizes the words with the same sound. It is a figure of speech that we can “see” and “hear”, that is, it is pleasant to both our sight and hearing.2021/6/775 Examples: (1) the cold wind of criticism. (line 14) (2)(CF. severe criticism); Praise is particularly appreciated by those doing routine jobs… (line 35)(CF. praise is especially valuable to…); One group is consistently praised for its previous performance (line 59) (CF.) … for it’s former achievements).2021/6/776 (2) Profits of Praise (title)(CF.) The Values of Praise; Advantages of Praise; Benefits of Praise(3) So , let’s be alert to the small excellence around us. (line 72)(CF.) So, let’s attend the minor advantages / merits around us2021/6/777 Effect: (1) more effective; more powerful; more attractive and lively in rhythm; (2) Give the text a musical quality Parallelism（排比）（排比）Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. With the help of parallelism, we can expound our arguments more thoroughly and incisively and we can express our feelings more vividly and completely.2021/6/778 (2)To give praise costs the giver nothing but a moment’s thought and a moment’s effort -- perhaps a quick phone call to pass on a compliment, or five minutes spent writing an appreciative letter. (line 67-69) (1) Praise … by those doing routine jobs: gas – station, attendants, waitresses -- even housewives. (line 35)Examples:2021/6/779 (3) My cap had gone awry, my apron was stained, my feet ached. (line 2)One group was consistently praised for its previous performance, another group was criticized, the third was ignored. (line 58-60)She can use it to a mother holding her baby, or to a lonely salesman fishing out pictures of his family. (line 19-20)2021/6/780 Effect: terse , comprehensive and convincing Metonymy（借代，转喻）（借代，转喻）A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (The kettle is boiling; Washington — the U.S government). Example: pat on the back --- praiseEffect: vivid and friendly; avoid the repetition and enrich the language2021/6/781 Antithesis（对比，对偶）（对比，对偶）Antithesis is an opposition or contrast of words or ideas in the same sentence. Two examples: (1)“…while most of us are only to ready to … the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant …the warm sunshine of praise”.(lines13-15)(2) ...an ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding. (line 43-44)Effect: a sharp contrast2021/6/782 Parody (仿拟、仿化仿拟、仿化)A piece of writing, music, acting, etc. that deliberately copies the style of sb/sth in order to be amusing , humorous and ironic . (e.g. In economics all roads lead to socialism -- 肖伯纳肖伯纳)例：老爸天天那么早跑去公园，他根本上就不是例：老爸天天那么早跑去公园，他根本上就不是去去晨练晨练，而是在和老年秧歌队的刘阿姨，而是在和老年秧歌队的刘阿姨““晨恋晨恋””。
Example: an ounce of praise is worth a pound of scolding. (line 43-44)--an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.2021/6/783 Effect: more persuasive Rhetorical Question (反问反问)A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected. It’s more powerful than a normal negative or definite sentence in emphasizing an idea. Meanwhile, they can catch the readers’ attention and arouse the readers’ sympathy.Examples: para.7Effect: catch our attention 2021/6/784 Question and Answer(设问设问)It means raising a question to call the readers’ attention and then answering it. This figure of speech makes the answers more important, and it changes the way of expressions, too.Two Examples: the preface; para.8 line 37Effect: arouse our interest drive us to read on2021/6/785 Plantification （拟物）（拟物）It is a figure of speech that gives someone or something plant-like characteristics.例例：：美美人人 “面面若若桃桃花花、、口口似似樱樱桃桃、、腰腰如如细细柳柳” Example: praise is like sunlight to the human spirit, we cannot flower and grow without it. (line 12-13)Effect: lead us to imagine freely2021/6/786 Ellipsis（省略）（省略）Omission of one or more words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader. It makes the language more effective.Two Examples: (1) Well done. (line 7)(2) Why… when one word can bring such pleasure? (line 16)Effect: more effective and clear; avoid repetition and give emphasis2021/6/787 ConclusionThe use of these figures of speech makes the whole text vivid and impressive. On the other hand, the study of these figures of speech can help us understand the whole text more completely and profoundly. Thus we can avoid centering only on words and phrases. Furthermore, the study of figures of speech can improve the ability of aesthetic criticism and make English study no longer a bore. So, enjoy them and use them, you’ll also find your writing more colorful and effective.2021/6/788 Ø Assignments1.Review the text, understand the difficult sentences.2.Finish all the exercises after the text.3.Try to praise others more and have a right attitude towards criticism.4. Enjoy figures of speech in reading and use them in writing.2021/6/789 2021/6/790 部分资料从网络收集整理而来，供大家参考，感谢您的关注！ 。
