对一种斜掠翼飞机概念设计的评估.pdf

CONCEPTUAL ASSESSMENT OF AN OBLIQUE FLYING WING AIRCRAFT INCLUDING CONTROL AND TRIM CHARACTERISTICS Ryan W. Plumley Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Aerospace Engineering William H. Mason, Committee Chairman Mayuresh J. Patil, Committee Member Craig A. Woolsey, Committee Member 22 February 2008 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: Wave Drag, Oblique Flying Wing, OFW, Vortex Lattice, Stability and Control CONCEPTUAL ASSESSMENT OF AN OBLIQUE FLYING WING AIRCRAFT INCLUDING CONTROL AND TRIM CHARACTERISTICS Ryan W. Plumley ABSTRACT A method was developed to assist with the understanding of a unique configuration and investigate some of its stability and control attributes. Oblique wing aircraft concepts are a design option that is well understood, but has yet to be used in a production aircraft. Risk involved in choosing such a design can be averted through additional knowledge early in the concept evaluation phase. Analysis tools commonly used in early conceptual level analysis were evaluated for applicability to a non-standard aircraft design such as an oblique flying wing. Many tools used in early analyses make assumptions that are incompatible with the slewed wing configuration of the vehicle. Using a simplified set of tools, an investigation of a unique configuration was done as well as showing that the aircraft could be trimmed at given conditions. Wave drag was investigated to determine benefits for an oblique flying wing. This form of drag was reduced by the distribution of volume afforded by the slewing of the aircraft’s wing. Once a reasonable concept was developed, aerodynamic conditions were investigated for static stability of the aircraft. Longitudinal and lateral trim were established simultaneously due to its asymmetric nature. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. William H. Mason. I feel very fortunate to have been able to work with Dr. Mason because of his knowledge on the subjects I wished to explore. His experience helped mold my course of study and research into attainable goals. Fortunately, he had enough patience left to follow through to the conclusion. This thesis was completed in course of a long term, full time training assignment through the Air Force Research Lab, Air Vehicle Directorate. I would like to thank all of those who afforded me the opportunity to complete my Master’s degree. Nancy Benedict, Douglas Blake, Elaine Bryant, Thomas Cord, Denis Mrozinski, Dieter Multhopp, Chris Remillard, Tim Schumacher, Carl Tilmann, and others from AFRL/RB made it possible to do this within a slightly extended timeframe. My parents, Robert and Shelia, instilled a love and excitement for learning and problem solving that led to engineering and eventually this work. For that, I am ever grateful. My wife, Lindsay has been beyond patient with me throughout, and I can’t love her enough for it. iv Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.III TABLE OF CONTENTS.IV LIST OF FIGURESV LIST OF TABLES VII LIST OF SYMBOLS.VIII 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY. 3 1.2 OBJECTIVES 5 1.3 ASSUMPTIONS. 6 2. CONCEPTUAL ASSESSMENT OF AN OPERATIONAL VEHICLE 7 2.1 PROBLEM REQUIREMENTS 7 2.1.1 Operational mission requirements. 7 2.1.2 Tool selection. 11 2.2 GEOMETRY PARAMETERS. 18 2.2.1 DARPA oblique flying wing. 22 2.2.2 Oblique sweep parameters. 24 2.3 AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS 29 2.3.1 Wave drag 29 2.3.2 Viscous drag. 36 2.4 VEHICLE SIZING AND MISSION ANALYSIS 37 3. STATIC STABILITY AND TRIM ANALYSIS 42 3.1 TAKEOFF-ANALYSIS. 42 3.1.1 Landing gear positioning. 42 3.1.2 Ground effect . 44 3.3. IN-FLIGHT ANALYSIS. 55 3.3.1 Controllability parameters. 55 3.3.2 Subsonic. 56 3.3.3 Trim Analysis. 70 4. CONCLUSIONS. 75 REFERENCES. 76 APPENDICES 78 A. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND EXTENDED REFERENCE LIST 78 v List of Figures Figure 1: OWRA Oblique Wing Demonstrator5 4 Figure 2: AD-1 Oblique Wing Demonstrator5. 5 Figure 3: Bounding Take-Off Gross Weight Based on Mission 10 Figure 4: Aircraft Perspective View in Bihrle Applied Research’s SimGen Tool 10. 12 Figure 5: Comparison OAW HASC Model to KU Model13 15 Figure 6: Staggered Multi-Body Sample Input16. 16 Figure 7: Oblique All Wing Model Pressure Coefficients M=1.4, α = 5 degrees. 17 Figure 8: Design Axis Coordinate System. 19 Figure 9: Body Axis Coordinate System. 20 Figure 10: Stability Axis Coordinate System 21 Figure 11: Wind Axis Coordinate System. 21 Figure 12: DARPA Oblique Flying Wing, 0° Slew23 23 Figure 13: DARPA Oblique Flying Wing, 45° Slew23 23 Figure 14: DARPA Oblique Flying Wing, 65° Slew23 24 Figure 15: Enlarged Top View with Trapezoidal Wing Overlaid. 25 Figure 16: Top View of Vehicle Planform, 45° Parallel Tips. 26 Figure 17: Elliptical Wing at 60° Oblique Sweep in Supersonic Flow. 30 Figure 18: Oblique Wing Flying Wing Elliptical Model, ΛOS=0°. 31 Figure 19: Theoretical Volumetric Wave Drag for Differing Thicknesses of 。