according和accordingly的用法和翻译收集资料.docx

according和accordingly的用法和翻译收集资料 According和accordingly的用法和翻译在英语中，特殊是在科技英语里，according和accordingly运用频率较高本文拟就这两个词的用法及汉译作一简洁介绍According一词通常不单独运用，而用在according to和according as两个习语中1，according to的用法和译法〔1〕后跟名词或代词，一般译为“依据”、“依照”例如：We should ovserve a meter and act according to the readings we take. 我们应领先视察仪表，并依据所取的读数进展操作〔2〕后跟人、人名或书名时，一般译作“依据……的说法〔看法〕”例如：According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil. 依据科学家们的看法，自然界要用五百年的时间才能形成一英寸的表层土壤〔3〕有时可以译为“随着……的不同〔或改变〕”例如：This kind of animal can change her color according to the temperature around. 这种动物可以随着四周气温的改变而变更自己身上的颜色。

但也不能一概而论，我们不能一见到according to就译为“依据……”例如：Although the constituent particles are moving according to somewhat random. 由于粒子的运动是客观存在的，不能说粒子是依据牛顿方程运动着的，此处等于in accordance with和in agreement with之意因此，依据客观事实的逻辑，上句可意译为：虽然其中全部粒子的运动符合牛顿方程，但由于粒子的数目众多，其运动就显得杂乱无章2，according as后接从句，意为：“依据……而”、“遵照……而”，例如：The thermometer rises or falls according as the air is hot or cold. 温度计的液柱随着空气的冷热而升降They move into the next class, according asx they pass or fail the examination. 他们能否就读下一年级要看考试是否及格而定Accordingly用作副词，通常置于句尾，意为“照着做”、“响应地”。

如：The specifications have told you all the circumstances, so you must act accordingly. 说明书已经讲了一切状况，因此你必需照此去做Accordingly又可译为“因此”、“所以”，放在句首句尾都可以例如：A scientist draws conclusions by studying some of the facts he collects. Accordingly, his views are not totally correct sometimes. 科学家通过探究他所收集到的局部事实作出结论因此，他的观点有时并非完全正确as well as 用作并列连词的译法As well as用作并列连词，在科技英语中是很常见的普遍流行的一种见解认为：“as well as用作并列连词时，着重的不是as well as之后的词，而是它之前的词所以翻译时，通常应先译as well as之后的词，然后再译它之前的词〔《科技英语问题解答》〕，P. 129〕“作为并列连词运用时，虽然连接的是两个并列局部，但其重点在前者，不在后者。

汉译时要先译后者，再译前者〔《英语》〕但是，笔者在翻译英语科技文章时，发觉许多状况并非如此例如下面的两个例句都是从同一本书〔Santokh S. Basi, Semiconductor Pulse and Switching Circuits, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 11010)的同一章中摘录下来的，但它们强调的重点并不一样如： It is to be noted that Thevenin 's theorem applies to AC as well as to DC circuits. 要留意，代文宁定理不仅适用于直流电路，也适用于沟通电路在这句话中，作者所强调的是as well as前面的局部翻译时把这个重点正确地表达出来是很必要的但是作者接下去又说： The above theorems and laws hold true for DC as well as for AC circuits. 上述定理和定律不但对直流电路而言是正确的，对沟通电路而言也同样是正确的明显，这句话所强调的恰好是as well as 后面的局部值得留意的是，强调后面局部的状况并非个别。

下面这些句子都是从近年出版的英文原著中摘抄下来的：1. The term IMPEDANCE is applicable only to AC circuits. Its unit of measurement is the ohm. It has a magnitude as well as phase angle. It is a complex quantity.“感抗”这个术语只适用于沟通电路，其测量单位为欧姆感抗不但有幅值，而且有相角，它是一个复数量2. Note that Ohm's law holds true for DC as well as for AC circuits. However, when analyzing AC circuit, it is important to consider the magnitude as well as the direction of phasor quantities.要留意，欧姆定律不仅对直流电路有效，对沟通电路也同样有效不过，在分析沟通电路时，重要的是不仅要考虑相量的幅值，还要考虑相量的方向3. The electrical power supplied by the source to the circuit is given by P=VI(watts). The equation is applicable to a circuit as well as to a component in a circuit.电源供应电路的电功率由公式P=VI〔瓦特〕给出。

此式不但适用于某一条电路，而且适用于电路中的任一元件在上述数例中，作者所强调的明显都是as well as后面的局部可见，当as well as用作并列连词时，到底是强调前者还是强调后者，必需依据上下文来判定然而，是否能由此得出“不是强调前者，就是强调后者，二者必居其一”的结论呢？也不能有时候，也可能并不明显地强调哪一个翻译时只要用“以及”、“和”这样的连词将前后顺连就可以了例如：4. Using the multimeter, measure and record the rms values of the input as well as the output (volts) in table E2-2. 用万能表测量并登记表E2-2中输入量和输出量的有效值〔伏特数〕5. Air, as well as water, is needed to make plants grow. 空气和水都是植物生长所必需的6. In many instances it is necessary to consider the rate at which work is done as well as the total amount of work done. 在很多状况下，必需考虑做功的速率以及所做功的总量。

总而言之，as well as用作并列连接词时，所强调的是前者还是后者，或者二者均不明显地强调，必需依据上下文，细致斟酌，然后才能判定 Available在医学文章中的翻译 Available的根本词义为：“可用的；可得到的；有效的”在句中常作表语用，也可作前置或后置定语其用法虽不难，但在译成汉语时词义时时要加以引申现列举一些例句，试译如下：一、译成“可用的”、“适用的”、“可供……之用”，其后常跟介词for或to1，This drug is available for both oral and parenteral administration. 本药可供口服或注射用2，A doctor has a wide range of therapeutic measures available to him. 医生有各种各样的治疗措施可以采纳3，The serum is available to the general public now. 血清此时此刻已可供群众运用二、译成动词“获得”，“得到”1，No assessment of the patient condition is available before the clinical experiment is over. 在临床试验完毕之前，无从获得对患者病情的估计。

2，Only now are data on sociaoeconomic status and cancer incidence becoming available from the Third National Cancer Survey.直到此时此刻，才从第三次全国癌症普查中得到社会经济状况与癌症发病率关系的资料三、意为“供应〔的〕”、“供给〔的〕”，但常不译出，尤其在药物说明书中1，This drug is available either in liquid or in lyophilized form. 本药备有溶液或冻干品两种剂型2，Dipaxin is available in 5mg. scored tablets in bottle of 101. 〔供给力的〕抗凝剂为五毫克刻痕片每瓶101片3，The polymyxin B sulphate is available as a freeze-dried powder freely soluble in saline solution in vial containing 500,000 units potency.〔供给的〕硫酸多粘菌素B硫酸盐为冻干粉末，可随意溶于盐溶液中，每小瓶含五十万单位〔效价〕。

四、作某些名词的定语时，可译成“现有的”1，The cost of prevention medicine keeps it from being widely applied, yet available statistics justify the validity of preventive efforts in certain specific diseases.预防医学耗资巨大，使其无法推广，但现有统计资料证明对某些疾病的预防措施是确有成效的2，Although presently available therapeutic interventions are, as a rule, successful in suppressing isolated, acute episodes。