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A Survey on Sensor NetworksABSTRACTRecent advancement in wireless communications and electronics has enabled the development of low-cost sensor networks. The sensor networks can be used for various application areas (e.g., health, military, home).For different application areas, there are different technical issues that researchers are currently resolving.最近无线通信和电子技术的发展，使低成本的传感器网络得以发展传感器网络可以用于各种应用领域（例如，健康，军事，家庭）对于不同的应用领域，有不同的技术问题，研究人员目前正在解决The current state of the art of sensor networks is captured in this article, where solutions are discussed under their related protocol stack layer sections. This article also points out the open research issues and intends to spark new interests and developments in this field.本文中所描述的是现有的传感器网络的技术发展情况，在其相关的协议栈层部分的解决方案进行了讨论。

本文还指出了公开研究的问题，并打算在这一领域的新的利益和发展INTRODUCTIONRecent advances in wireless communications and electronics have enabled the development of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional sensor nodes that are small in size and communicate untethered in short distances. 在无线通信和电子的最新进展使得低成本、低功耗、多功能传感器节点得以快速发展它具有体积小、在短距离无线通信的特点These tiny sensor nodes, which consist of sensing, data processing, and communicating components, leverage the idea of sensor networks.这些小的节点，包括感知，数据处理和通信部分，利用传感器网络的理念Sensor networks represent a significant improvement over traditional sensors.A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it. The position of sensor nodes need not be engineered or predetermined. This allows random deployment in inaccessible terrains or disaster relief operations. On the other hand, this also means that sensor network protocols and algorithms must possess self-organizing capabilities. Another unique feature of sensor networks is the cooperative effort of sensor nodes. Sensor nodes are fitted with an onboard processor. Instead of sending the raw data to the nodes responsible for the fusion, they use their processing abilities to locally carry out simple computations and transmit only the required and partially processed data. 一个传感器网络由大量的密集分布在现象内部或者离现象很近的地方的传感器节点构成。

传感器节点的位置需要被设计或者预先决定这可以保证在难以靠近的地形或者赈灾行动中能够随机部署在另一方面，这也意味着传感器网络协议和算法必须有自我组织的能力传感器网络另外一个独一无二的特点是传感器节点的合作精神传感器节点和机载处理器相互适应他们使用他们的处理能力来执行本地简单的计算和传输必须的和部分处理的数据，而不是把原始数据发给用来融合的节点The above described features ensure a wide range of applications for sensor networks. Some of the application areas are health, military, and home. In military, for example, the rapid deployment, self-organization, and fault tolerance characteristics of sensor networks make them a very promising sensing technique for military command, control, communications, computing, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting systems. In health, sensor nodes can also be deployed to monitor patients and assist disabled patients. Some other commercial applications include managing inventory, monitoring product quality, and monitoring disaster areas. 上面描述的特点确定了传感器网络的一大部分应用。

有些应用领域是健康军事和家庭在军事方面，比如，传感器网络的快速部署，自我组织，和差错容忍特性使得它们有一个很敏感的技术用来军事命令，控制，通信，计算，情报工作，监督，侦查和目标系统在健康方面，传感器节点也可以部署用来检查病人和帮助残疾的病人许多商业化应用包括管理存货，检测产品质量和检测灾难地区Realization of these and other sensor network applications require wireless ad hoc networking techniques. Although many protocols and algorithms have been proposed for traditional wireless ad hoc networks, they are not well suited to the unique features and application requirements of sensor networks. To illustrate this point, the differences between sensor networks and ad hoc networks are:这些的实现和其他传感器网络应用需要无线点对点网络技术。

尽管许多协议和算法都提供了传统的无线点对点网络，但是他们不能很好的适应于传感器网络需求的特殊的特点和应用为了阐述这一点，下面是传感器网络和点对点网络的区别：• The number of sensor nodes in a sensor network can be several orders of magnitude higher than the nodes in an ad hoc network.传感器网络中的传感器节点数量是点对点网络中节点的很多（以数量级为单位的）倍• Sensor nodes are densely deployed.传感器节点密集部署• Sensor nodes are prone to failures.传感器节点更容易失败• The topology of a sensor network changes very frequently.传感器网络的拓扑结构经常改变自组网• Sensor nodes mainly use a broadcast communication paradigm, whereas most ad hoc networks are based on point-to-point communications.传感器节点使用了广播通信范例，而许多点对点网络还是基于点对点通信。

• Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational capacities, and memory.传感器节点在功耗，计算容量和记忆上有限制• Sensor nodes may not have global identification (ID) because of the large amount of overhead and large number of sensors.传感器节点也许没有全球ID 因为有大量的日常管理费和大量的传感器Many researchers are currently engaged in developing schemes that fulfill these requirements.许多研究人员目前在探索能够实现这些需求的方案In this article we present a survey of protocols and algorithms proposed thus far for sensor networks. Our aim is to provide a better understanding of the current research issues in this emerging field. We also attempt an investigation into pertaining design constraints and outline the use of certain tools to meet the design objectives.在这篇文章我们展现了一个关于目前对传感器网络实施的协议和算法的调查。

我们的目标是使大家对目前在这个心形的领域的研究成果有一个更好的理解我们试图进行了关于为了迎合设计目标所提出的设计限制的调查，并对现有工具用法的大纲The remainder of the article is organize。