话语分析课程资料.doc

1. What is Discourse?• Lan guage does not no rmally con sist of isolated, un related senten ces, but in stead of collocated, structured, coherent groups of sentences we can call a discourse・2. What is Discourse Analysis?• Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written， spoke n, signed Ian guage use or any sign ifica nt semiotic eve nt.3. What is a Speech Act?i. A speech act is an utteranee that serves a function in communication.一 Austin's Speech Act Theory (speech is itself a form of action: constative vs. performative)Austin is widely associated with the concept of the speech act theory and the idea that speech is itself a form of action.• Constative utterance is one that asserts or states something that can be judged as true or false, (e.g. He promised to give her ten dollars.)• The performative is uttered in the performance of an illocutionary act and is either felicitous or infelicitous.(e.g. I promise to give her ten dollars•丿• Limitation(e.g ・ Jocelyn got a Cartier for her birthday.)Austin later modified his theory:• locutionary act以言指事行为the actual utteranee and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utteranee.・illocutionary Act以言行事行为The semantic lllocutionary force1 of the utteranee, thus its real, intended meaning• Prelocutionary Act以语成事行为Its actual effect, whether intended or not• • ILe.g. In uttering the locution "Is there any salt?11 at the dinner table, one may thereby perform the illocutionary act of requesting salt, as well as the distinct locutionary act of uttering the interrogatory sentence about the presence of salt, and the further perlocutionary act of causing somebody to hand one the salt.Searle's Speech Act Theory一 Searle's Speech Act Theory (Assertives, Directives, Commissives, Expressives, Declarations)1) Assertives 断言类2) Directives 指令类3) Commissives 承诺类4) Expressives 表达类5) Declarations 宣告类• Searle has set up the followi ng classificati on of illocuti on ary speech acts:E.G. Sam smokes habitually.E.G. Does Sam smoke habitually?E.G Sam, smoke habitually!EG Would that Sam smoke habitually!(a statement, a question, a command, and an expression of desire,respectively)4. What is Context?Malinowski- Context "must burst thebonds of mere linguistics and be carried over into the analysis of thegeneral conditions under which a Ianguage is spoken."• Context in eludes: Firth-・1) The Participants in the situation;2) The Action of the participants;3) Other Releva nt Features of the situatio n;4) The Effects of the verbal action.Social Context ~ Halliday/ THE FIELD OF DISCOURSE 语场：Refers to what is happening, to the nature of the social action that is taking place.“ THE TENOR OF DISCOURSE 语旨：Refers to who is taking part, to the nature of the participants, their statuses and roles・/ THE MODE OF DISCOURSE 语式：Refers to what part the Ianguage is playing, what is that the participants are expecting the language to do for them in that situation.• Function of Context:1) 制约功能2) 解禅功能5. What is Cohesion?• Cohesion is defined as a semantic concept. It is "a semantic relation between an element in the text and some other elements that is crucial to the interpretation of it".• Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical relati on ship withi n a text or sentence .It can be defi ned as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning.• Types of cohesion1. Referencing 照应丁 Exophoric Reference 外指照应：It is used to describe generics or abstracts without ever ide ratifying them/ Endophoric Reference 内指照应•An aphoric reference occurs when the writer refers back to some one or somethi ng that has bee n previously identified, to avoid repetition.•Cataphoric refere nee is the opposite of an aphora: a ref ere nee forward as opposed to backward in the discourse. Something is introduced in the abstract before it is identified.2・ Ellipsis & substitution 省略与替代/ Ellipsis happens when, after a more specific mention, words are omitted when the phrase needs to berepeated ・丁 Substitution mea ns that a word is not omitted, as in ellipsis, but is substituted for ano the。

more gen eral word.3・ Conjunction 连词Conju nction sets up a relati on ship betwee n two clauses ・4. Grammatical cohesion 语法衔接5. Lexical cohesion 词7匚衔接A. Repetition 重复 B. Synonym/Antonym 同/反义词C. Hyponymy上下义关系 D. Collocation组合，搭配5. What is Coherence?• (Four basic mechanical considerations in providing transitions between ideas: using transitional expressions, repeating key words and phrases, using pronoun reference, and using parallel form)• Cohesion refers to the linguistic features that relate sentences to one another and Coherence refers to the text that appropriately fits its situati onal context. Whe n a text is con siste nt in ter nally, it is c。