科技英语翻译剖析.ppt

科技英语翻译的基本方法和技巧,,反译,所谓反译是指翻译时从反面着笔把原意表达出来由于英美人和我们中国人的思维方式不完全相同，英汉两种语言的表意方式也有很大差别，所以有时从正面表达一个意思内容，汉译时则可能需要、甚至必须从反面来表达才符合汉语的表达习惯和事理逻辑一、肯定和否定的正反处理,双重否定的反译处理： 英语的双重否定形式通常由否定词no (not)等与某些表示否定意义的词连用构成，表达委婉或强调的语气常把此类句子译为肯定句 If houses are at rest relative to the earth surface, the earth itself is not motionless. 虽然房子相对于地球表面是静止的，但地球本身却是运动着的实际上，汉语也有类似于英语的双重否定的表达方式，如“不是不”；“不会没有；不能不；并非不” No area in the world is completely free of air pollution 世界上完全没有被空气污染的地区是没有的 As we all know, all life can not exist without water, 正如我们所知，没有水，任何生命都将不复存在。

The atomic furnace will ont work but it had enough fuel. 原子反应堆要是没有足够的燃料就不会运转 采用两种译法都可 There is no material but will deform more or less under the action of force. 在力的作用下，没有一种材料不或多或少地变形 在力的作用下，任何一种材料都会或多或地低变形2、肯定形式的反译处理,1. 句中有表示否定意义的名词：absence, neglect, lack, few, loss, refusal, exclusion, failure等等 When water evaporates gradually, few of the molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid. 水缓慢蒸发时，没有多少分子具有足以从水中逸出的能量 This error is often caused by a failure to test a sufficient number of subjects (inadequate sampling) 这种误差往往是由于没有检验足够数量的试验材料（抽样不足）而引起的。

2. 句中有表示否定意义的动词或动词词组：avoid, cease, defy, decline, deny, exclude, fail, lack, lose, ignore, miss, overlook, refuse, keep from, prevent from, protect from等等 In the choice of problems for research, it is obvious that we should select those that defy solution through already available techniques. 显然，在选择研究课题时，我们应当选择那些采用现有技术无法解决的问题 The manufacturer declines responsibility for the consequences of an inadequate storage. 对因保管不当而产生的后果，制造厂不承担负责3. 句中有表示否定意义的形容词或短语形容词：few, little, short of, free from, free of safe from, independent of 等等。

There seems little possibility of understanding the secrets of the human brain during this century. 看来，本世纪内要弄清人脑的奥秘是不大可能的 The signal is independent of lamp intensity, thus eliminating the need for frequent calibration. 该信号不会随指示灯的亮度而变化，因而不需经常校准4. 句中有表示否定意义的副词：less barely hardly, seldom, rarely, independently等等 It is a common expression to characterize something as “light as air”, but air is hardly “light”. 通常人们总形容某个东西“轻如空气”，其实空气并不“轻” There are some substances through which currents will scarcely flow at all. 有一些物质几乎完全不导电。

5. 句中有表示否定意义的形容词或短语形容词：beyond, out of, above, without, instead of, 等等 The information contained herein is to the best of our knowledge accurate, but since the circumstances and conditions in which it may be used are beyond our control we do not accept liability for any loss that may occur. 就我们所知，本资料是准确可靠的但是，由于我们不能规定可能的使用场合和条件，因此对使用本资料可能引起的任何损失，本公司概不负责 The economic crisis in the capitalist countries is past control. 资本主义国家的经济危机是无法控制的6. 句中有表示否定意义的连词或其它一些固定词组：before, but, lest, unless, but that, rather than, far from, too…to, too…for 等等。

Too few tests have been done to tell how widespread such damage may be. 试验次数太少，故说不清这种损害普遍到怎样程度 Many people believe that if you are given radiation therapy, the disease is too far advanced for far advanced for you to be saved. 许多人认为，一旦接受放射治疗，就一定是病入膏盲、不可救药了3、修辞需要的反译处理,1. 否定句反译为肯定句 The fluid bearings never lose their accuracy. 这些流体轴承的精度可永久保持（可永不失去其精度） A number which can be divided by 2 without remainder is an even number. 能被2整除的数为偶数（能被2除且不留余数的数为偶数） In the measurement of acceleration of gravity it makes no difference whether the body starts from rest or has been projected with a vertical velocity. 测定重力加速度时，不管物体是从静止开始下落，还是以垂直速度抛出，结果都一样。

都无区别）,,2.肯定句反译否定句 The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste. 月球是一个毫无生机的世界，是多山的不毛之地 The average speed of all molecules remains the same so long as the temperature is constant. 只要温度不变，所有分子的平均速度也就不变 In the high altitude snow and ice remain all years. 海波高的地方，冰雪常年不化二、主动和被动的正反处理,1. 被动形式的反译处理 1）原文主语仍译作主语 Fire extinguishers and fire extinguishing media should be kept ready and should be inspected at stipulated intervals. 灭火器和灭火剂应定期检查，以保持随时可用的状态2）原文其它成分改译为主语 In 1968 the first successful heart transplant operation was done in South Africa. 1968年，南非成功地进行了第一例心脏移植手术。

Standardized graphic symbols should be used for circuit diagrams. 电路图应使用标准化的图示符号3）加译一个主语 Steel and its alloys will still be taken as the leading materials in industry for a long time to come. 在今后很长一段时间内，我们仍将把铁及其合金作为主要的工业材料 Proteins, carbohydrates, fats are often grouped together and called organic nutrients. 人们常把蛋白质、糖类和脂肪归为一类，称其为有机养分4) 译成汉语的无主句：如果原被动句中的主语或其它成分不宜译作汉语主动句中的主语，而加译一个主语又无必要（即无法也不必指出行为主体），那么可将句子反译成汉语的无主语句译时可在原主语前加译“把、将、使、对、给”等词，从而把原主语译成宾语，也可不加任何词直接译成宾语 After sealing the header is cleaned and then the leads are clipped to the desired length. 封焊后把管座清洗干净，然后把引线剪到所需的长度。

The shaping of the alloy steel case requires a series of heat treatments in order for the three basic qualities needed to be obtained. 合金钢药筒的成形需要一系列热处理，以便获得所需的三种基本特性,,2.主动形式的反译处理：译成汉语的‘被、受到、遭到、得到、由…所’ The low melting point of this metal imposes limitation on its usefulness. 这种金属熔点较低，故其用途受到限制三、逻辑意义上的反译处理,名词性前置定语的反译处理： 由于这种形式的定语简洁明快、语义丰富、且使用方便，所以在EST中较为广泛的使用但是其修饰语往往比较具体，被修饰语比较抽象，和汉语的名词性定语的层次相反翻译时无法恪守原文的次序，而需要（多数情况下）反过。