国际货物买卖合同中买卖双方权义务.ppt

国际货物买卖合同中买卖双方的权利义务CISG第三部分Incoterms2000合同法总则及分则第九章 义务渊源l联合国国际货物销售合同公约lIncoterms2000l合同法总则及分则第九章l当事人约定8/20/20242ruc hly公约规定的义务l共同义务l保全货物l通知l卖方的四大义务l买方的两大义务8/20/20243ruc hly卖方的义务l交付合同规定的货物l交付单据（转移所有权）l货物相符l权利保证8/20/20244ruc hlyArticle￿30￿lThe￿seller￿must￿deliver￿the￿goods,￿hand￿over￿any￿documents￿relating￿to￿them￿and￿transfer￿the￿property￿in￿the￿goods,￿as￿required￿by￿the￿contract￿and￿this￿Convention.lSection￿I.￿Delivery￿of￿the￿goods￿and￿handing￿over￿of￿documents￿8/20/20245ruc hly1－交货：deliver the goodsl何为交付：自愿转移占有／形式？l地点l特定地点l涉及运输，交给第一承运人l不涉及运输，特定货物或未特定化货物，知悉的特定地点l其他情况，卖方订立合同时的营业地l时间l具体日期／一段时期／合同订立后合理时间8/20/20246ruc hly31（b）l31.If￿the￿seller￿is￿not￿bound￿to￿deliver￿the￿goods￿at￿any￿other￿particular￿place,￿his￿obligation￿to￿deliver￿consists:……l(b)￿if,￿in￿cases￿not￿within￿the￿preceding￿subparagraph,￿the￿contract￿relates￿to￿specific￿goods,￿or￿unidentified￿goods￿to￿be￿drawn￿from￿a￿specific￿stock￿or￿to￿be￿manufactured￿or￿produced,￿and￿at￿the￿time￿of￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract￿the￿parties￿knew￿that￿the￿goods￿were￿at,￿or￿were￿to￿be￿manufactured￿or￿produced￿at,￿a￿particular￿place--in￿placing￿the￿goods￿at￿the￿buyer's￿disposal￿at￿that￿place;￿8/20/20247ruc hly交货方式（运输）l交给承运人l加注货物标记／注明货物，否则发货通知l如果安排运输，必要运输合同l如果无义务保险，提供保险帮助8/20/20248ruc hly32(2)l￿32(2)￿￿If￿the￿seller￿is￿bound￿to￿arrange￿for￿carriage￿of￿the￿goods,￿he￿must￿make￿such￿contracts￿as￿are￿necessary￿for￿carriage￿to￿the￿place￿fixed￿by￿means￿of￿transportation￿appropriate￿in￿the￿circumstances￿and￿according￿to￿the￿usual￿terms￿for￿such￿transportation.8/20/20249ruc hly2－交单l交付单据(转移所有权)l与国内贸易的最大不同l交货之外的独立义务l按合同规定的时间、地点、形式8/20/202410ruc hlyArticle￿34￿lIf￿the￿seller￿is￿bound￿to￿hand￿over￿documents￿relating￿to￿the￿goods,￿he￿must￿hand￿them￿over￿at￿the￿time￿and￿place￿and￿in￿the￿form￿required￿by￿the￿contract.￿If￿the￿seller￿has￿handed￿over￿documents￿before￿that￿time,￿he￿may,￿up￿to￿that￿time,￿cure￿any￿lack￿of￿conformity￿in￿the￿documents,￿if￿the￿exercise￿of￿this￿right￿does￿not￿cause￿the￿buyer￿unreasonable￿inconvenience￿or￿unreasonable￿expense.￿However,￿the￿buyer￿retains￿any￿right￿to￿claim￿damages￿as￿provided￿for￿in￿this￿Convention.￿8/20/202411ruc hly3货物相符l四方面l数量（溢短装）l质量l规格l包装l如何确定相符l约定标准（相互间的关系）l规格（买方或卖方的规定确定A65）l说明l样品l公约最低标准8/20/202412ruc hly3－货物相符（公约标准）l四标准：买方订约时已知例外（卖方免买方订约时已知例外（卖方免责）责）l通常使用目的l特定目的l样品l通常方式包装8/20/202413ruc hly　货物检查l标准／机构／时间／地点l卖方检验，结算依据l买方检验，最终依据l双方约定8/20/202414ruc hly　买方通知不符时间l及时检验l及时通知不符l过期丧失主张不符权l卖方已知或不可能不知而未告知的，例外8/20/202415ruc hly　货物不符与风险转移l货物不符与途中灭损风险承担是两个不同问题l卖方负责期限CISG36l卖方应按照合同和本公约的规定，对风险转移到买方时所存在的任何不符合同情形，负有责任，即使这种不符合同情形在该时间后方始明显。

l卖方对上一款所述时间后发生的任何不符情形，也应负有责任，如果这种不符合同情形是由于卖方违反他的某项义务所致，包括违反关于在一段时间内货物将继续适用于其通常适用的目的或某种特定目的，或将保持某种特定质量或性质的任何保证　l风险转移时l风险转移后－违约延长期限8/20/202416ruc hly卖方对货物不符的责任l买方订约时知道不符否？l不知，卖方有责l已知，卖方免责l（卖方已知？）l买方收货后合理通知？l有，则卖方有责l无，则买方失权l卖方已知而没告知，不能主张买方失权（保护买方）8/20/202417ruc hlyArticle￿35￿一般要求l35(1)￿The￿seller￿must￿deliver￿goods￿which￿are￿of￿the￿quantity,￿quality￿and￿description￿required￿by￿the￿contract￿and￿which￿are￿contained￿or￿packaged￿in￿the￿manner￿required￿by￿the￿contract.￿8/20/202418ruc hly四标准l35(2) Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform with the contract unless they: l(a) are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used; (b) are fit for any particular purpose expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract, except where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller's skill and judgment; (c) possess the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the buyer as a sample or model; (d) are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where there is no such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods. 8/20/202419ruc hly卖方负责的期限l36(1) The seller is liable in accordance with the contract and this Convention for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even though the lack of conformity becomes apparent only after that time. l(2) The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity which occurs after the time indicated in the preceding paragraph and which is due to a breach of any of his obligations, including a breach of any guarantee that for a period of time the goods will remain fit for their ordinary purpose or for some particular purpose or will retain specified qualities or characteristics.￿8/20/202420ruc hly35（3）卖方因买方已知而免责l35(3)￿The￿seller￿is￿not￿liable￿under￿subparagraphs￿(a)￿to￿(d)￿of￿the￿preceding￿paragraph￿for￿any￿lack￿of￿conformity￿of￿the￿goods￿if￿at￿the￿time￿of￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract￿the￿buyer￿knew￿or￿could￿not￿have￿been￿unaware￿of￿such￿lack￿of￿conformity.8/20/202421ruc hly38    买方检查时间、地点l(1) The buyer must examine the goods, or cause them to be examined, within as short a period as is practicable in the circumstances. l(2) If the contract involves carriage of the goods, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at their destination. l(3) If the goods are redirected in transit or redispatched by the buyer without a reasonable opportunity for examination by him and at the time of the conclusion of the contract the seller knew or ought to have known of the possibility of such redirection or redispatch, examination may be deferred until after the goods have arrived at the new destination. 8/20/202422ruc hly39  不符通知l(1) The buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the lack of conformity within a reasonable time after he has discovered it or ought to have discovered it. l(2) In any event, the buyer loses the right to rely on a lack of conformity of the goods if he does not give the seller notice thereof at the latest within a period of two years from the date on which the goods were actually handed over to the buyer, unless this time-limit is inconsistent with a contractual period of guarantee. 8/20/202423ruc hly40卖方已知缺陷，保护买方lThe￿seller￿is￿not￿entitled￿to￿rely￿on￿the￿provisions￿of￿articles￿38￿and￿39￿if￿the￿lack￿of￿conformity￿relates￿to￿facts￿of￿which￿he￿knew￿or￿could￿not￿have￿been￿unaware￿and￿which￿he￿did￿not￿disclose￿to￿the￿buyer.8/20/202424ruc hly4卖方权利担保义务与责任l何种权利l何时权利l何地权利l对谁l严格　8/20/202425ruc hly4－物权担保l交付的货物，第三方不能提出任何权利或要求l买方同意例外（卖方免责）l买方及时通知与失权l卖方知或应知权利要求，不能主张买方失权（保护买方）8/20/202426ruc hly知识产权权利担保l第三方不得提出知识产权权利或要求l预期转售地／使用地l买方所在地l订约时卖方已知或不可能不知l买方已知或提供图样例外l买方及时通知与失权l卖方已知或应知，不能主张买方失权8/20/202427ruc hly案例讨论l许可方欧洲公司l被许可方中国公司l多条生产线l      合法l     自己组装l出口美国 被指控侵权l     其他国家？l怎办8/20/202428ruc hlyArticle￿41￿物权性质的要求lThe seller must deliver goods which are free from any right or claim of a third party, unless the buyer agreed to take the goods subject to that right or claim. However, if such right or claim is based on industrial property or other intellectual property, the seller's obligation is governed by article 42.￿8/20/202429ruc hlyArticle￿42￿卖方对缔约时已知IP承责l(1)￿The￿seller￿must￿deliver￿goods￿which￿are￿free￿from￿any￿right￿or￿claim￿of￿a￿third￿party￿based￿on￿industrial￿property￿or￿other￿intellectual￿property,￿of￿which￿at￿the￿time￿of￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract￿the￿seller￿knew￿or￿could￿not￿have￿been￿unaware,￿provided￿that￿the￿right￿or￿claim￿is￿based￿on￿industrial￿property￿or￿other￿intellectual￿property:￿l(a)￿under￿the￿law￿of￿the￿State￿where￿the￿goods￿will￿be￿resold￿or￿otherwise￿used,￿if￿it￿was￿contemplated￿by￿the￿parties￿at￿the￿time￿of￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract￿that￿the￿goods￿would￿be￿resold￿or￿otherwise￿used￿in￿that￿State;￿or￿(b)￿in￿any￿other￿case,￿under￿the￿law￿of￿the￿State￿where￿the￿buyer￿has￿his￿place￿of￿business.￿8/20/202430ruc hlyArticle￿42￿买方已知使卖方免责l(2)￿The￿obligation￿of￿the￿seller￿under￿the￿preceding￿paragraph￿does￿not￿extend￿to￿cases￿where:￿l(a)￿at￿the￿time￿of￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract￿the￿buyer￿knew￿or￿could￿not￿have￿been￿unaware￿of￿the￿right￿or￿claim;￿or(b)￿the￿right￿or￿claim￿results￿from￿the￿seller's￿compliance￿with￿technical￿drawings,￿designs,￿formulae￿or￿other￿such￿specifications￿furnished￿by￿the￿buyer.￿8/20/202431ruc hly43　买方通知义务与卖方已知l43(1)￿The￿buyer￿loses￿the￿right￿to￿rely￿on￿the￿provisions￿of￿article￿41￿or￿article￿42￿if￿he￿does￿not￿give￿notice￿to￿the￿seller￿specifying￿the￿nature￿of￿the￿right￿or￿claim￿of￿the￿third￿party￿within￿a￿reasonable￿time￿after￿he￿has￿become￿aware￿or￿ought￿to￿have￿become￿aware￿of￿the￿right￿or￿claim.￿l(2)￿The￿seller￿is￿not￿entitled￿to￿rely￿on￿the￿provisions￿of￿the￿preceding￿paragraph￿if￿he￿knew￿of￿the￿right￿or￿claim￿of￿the￿third￿party￿and￿the￿nature￿of￿it.￿l44￿￿Notwithstanding￿the￿provisions￿of￿paragraph￿(1)￿of￿article￿39￿and￿paragraph￿(1)￿of￿article￿43,￿the￿buyer￿may￿reduce￿the￿price￿in￿accordance￿with￿article￿50￿or￿claim￿damages,￿except￿for￿loss￿of￿profit,￿if￿he￿has￿a￿reasonable￿excuse￿for￿his￿failure￿to￿give￿the￿required￿notice.8/20/202432ruc hly买方义务l支付价款l支付准备和实际支付l?卖方未交付货物,应否付款l接收货物l接收准备和实际接收l不是接受8/20/202433ruc hlyArticle  53l53￿￿The￿buyer￿must￿pay￿the￿price￿for￿the￿goods￿and￿take￿delivery￿of￿them￿as￿required￿by￿the￿contract￿and￿this￿Convention.8/20/202434ruc hly54付款准备l54.￿The￿buyer's￿obligation￿to￿pay￿the￿price￿includes￿taking￿such￿steps￿and￿complying￿with￿such￿formalities￿as￿may￿be￿required￿under￿the￿contract￿or￿any￿laws￿and￿regulations￿to￿enable￿payment￿to￿be￿made.￿8/20/202435ruc hly付款地点l特定地点l卖方营业地l交货／交单地8/20/202436ruc hly57　付款地点l57(1)￿￿If￿the￿buyer￿is￿not￿bound￿to￿pay￿the￿price￿at￿any￿other￿particular￿place,￿he￿must￿pay￿it￿to￿the￿seller:￿l(a)￿at￿the￿seller's￿place￿of￿business;￿or￿(b)￿if￿the￿payment￿is￿to￿be￿made￿against￿the￿handing￿over￿of￿the￿goods￿or￿of￿documents,￿at￿the￿place￿where￿the￿handing￿over￿takes￿place.￿l(2)￿The￿seller￿must￿bear￿any￿increase￿in￿the￿expenses￿incidental￿to￿payment￿which￿is￿caused￿by￿a￿change￿in￿his￿place￿of￿business￿subsequent￿to￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract.8/20/202437ruc hly付款时间l特定时间l货物或单据交买方控制时l支付可为交付条件l付款可为发运货物条件l验货机会前可不支付l与交货或支付程序抵触除外l到期付款，无需催办8/20/202438ruc hly58付款时间l(1)￿If￿the￿buyer￿is￿not￿bound￿to￿pay￿the￿price￿at￿any￿other￿specific￿time,￿he￿must￿pay￿it￿when￿the￿seller￿places￿either￿the￿goods￿or￿documents￿controlling￿their￿disposition￿at￿the￿buyer's￿disposal￿in￿accordance￿with￿the￿contract￿and￿this￿Convention.￿The￿seller￿may￿make￿such￿payment￿a￿condition￿for￿handing￿over￿the￿goods￿or￿documents.￿l(2)￿If￿the￿contract￿involves￿carriage￿of￿the￿goods,￿the￿seller￿may￿dispatch￿the￿goods￿on￿terms￿whereby￿the￿goods,￿or￿documents￿controlling￿their￿disposition,￿will￿not￿be￿handed￿over￿to￿the￿buyer￿except￿against￿payment￿of￿the￿price.￿l(3)￿The￿buyer￿is￿not￿bound￿to￿pay￿the￿price￿until￿he￿has￿had￿an￿opportunity￿to￿examine￿the￿goods,￿unless￿the￿procedures￿for￿delivery￿or￿payment￿agreed￿upon￿by￿the￿parties￿are￿inconsistent￿with￿his￿having￿such￿an￿opportunity.￿8/20/202439ruc hly55 价格的确定l55.￿Where￿a￿contract￿has￿been￿validly￿concluded￿but￿does￿not￿expressly￿or￿implicitly￿fix￿or￿make￿provision￿for￿determining￿the￿price,￿the￿parties￿are￿considered,￿in￿the￿absence￿of￿any￿indication￿to￿the￿contrary,￿to￿have￿impliedly￿made￿reference￿to￿the￿price￿generally￿charged￿at￿the￿time￿of￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract￿for￿such￿goods￿sold￿under￿comparable￿circumstances￿in￿the￿trade￿concerned.l56.￿If￿the￿price￿is￿fixed￿according￿to￿the￿weight￿of￿the￿goods,￿in￿case￿of￿doubt￿it￿is￿to￿be￿determined￿by￿the￿net￿weight.￿8/20/202440ruc hly收取货物l采取一切行动，便利卖方交货lFOB下的租船l接收货物lFOB下的派船8/20/202441ruc hly收货义务l66.The￿buyer's￿obligation￿to￿take￿delivery￿consists:￿l(a)￿in￿doing￿all￿the￿acts￿which￿could￿reasonably￿be￿expected￿of￿him￿in￿order￿to￿enable￿the￿seller￿to￿make￿delivery;￿and(b)￿in￿taking￿over￿the￿goods.8/20/202442ruc hly共同义务1－保全货物l保全情形l买方推迟收货，或货款同时清结时不付款，卖方控制货物l买方收到货物，但打算退货l买方退货，代收货物l保全措施种类l寄放l出售（条件）l合理性费用及补偿8/20/202443ruc hly共同义务2－通知l行权通知l宣告合同无效的通知（26条）l通知未能及时到达，不影响通知人的权利（27条）l另外要求的通知（设定义务的通知）l到达生效，如履约宽限期的规定8/20/202444ruc hly违约类型l根本违约与非根本违约l效果l预期违约与实际违约l时间l根本违约　V.　预期违约l交叉　8/20/202445ruc hly根本违约的界定及结果l违约后果剥夺受害人预期利益（主观）l违约方没有预知（主观）l第三人无理由预知（客观）l受害方可宣告合同无效8/20/202446ruc hly分批交货与根本违约l批次货物与合同的关系l批次货物l前后批次货物l合同货物l宣告合同无效8/20/202447ruc hly25根本违约l25　A￿breach￿of￿contract￿committed￿by￿one￿of￿the￿parties￿is￿fundamental￿lif￿it￿results￿in￿such￿detriment￿to￿the￿other￿party￿as￿substantially￿to￿deprive￿him￿of￿what￿he￿is￿entitled￿to￿expect￿under￿the￿contract,￿unless￿the￿party￿in￿breach￿did￿not￿foresee￿and￿a￿reasonable￿person￿of￿the￿same￿kind￿in￿the￿same￿circumstances￿would￿not￿have￿foreseen￿such￿a￿result.￿8/20/202448ruc hly预期违约l时间l表现l措施l中止l宣告合同无效l保证8/20/202449ruc hly71预期违约anticipatory breachl71.(1)￿A￿party￿may￿suspend￿the￿performance￿of￿his￿obligations￿if,￿after￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract,￿it￿becomes￿apparent￿that￿the￿other￿party￿will￿not￿perform￿a￿substantial￿part￿of￿his￿obligations￿as￿a￿result￿of:￿l(a)￿a￿serious￿deficiency￿in￿his￿ability￿of￿perform￿or￿in￿his￿creditworthiness;￿or￿(b)￿his￿conduct￿in￿preparing￿to￿perform￿or￿in￿performing￿the￿contract.￿8/20/202450ruc hly71预期违约（续）l(2)￿If￿the￿seller￿has￿already￿dispatched￿the￿goods￿before￿the￿grounds￿described￿in￿the￿preceding￿paragraph￿become￿evident,￿he￿may￿prevent￿the￿handing￿over￿of￿the￿goods￿to￿the￿buyer￿even￿though￿the￿buyer￿holds￿a￿document￿which￿entitles￿him￿to￿obtain￿them.￿The￿present￿paragraph￿relates￿only￿to￿the￿rights￿in￿the￿goods￿as￿between￿the￿buyer￿and￿the￿seller.￿l(3)￿A￿party￿suspending￿performance,￿whether￿before￿or￿after￿dispatch￿of￿the￿goods,￿must￿immediately￿give￿notice￿of￿the￿suspension￿to￿the￿other￿party￿and￿must￿continue￿with￿performance￿if￿the￿other￿party￿provides￿adequate￿assurance￿of￿his￿performance.8/20/202451ruc hly违约责任l责任类型与救济措施l合同责任与侵权责任l合同前/中/后责任l赔偿责任l其他责任（救济）8/20/202452ruc hly赔偿的原则l普遍适用l非他所能控制的障碍时的免除l高低要求8/20/202453ruc hly赔偿原则l一方当事人违反合同应负的损害赔偿额，应与另一方当事人因他违反合同遭受的包括利润在内的损失额相等。

实际）lsubject to l这种损害赔偿不得超过违反合同一方在订立合同时依照他当时已知或理应知道的事实和情况，对违反合同预料到或理应预料到的可能损失预期）8/20/202454ruc hly存在替代交易时的赔偿l如果合同被宣告无效，宣告无效后的合理时间内，买方以合理方式购买替代物，或卖方以合理方式转售，则要求赔偿的一方可以获得l合同价格与替代交易价格之间的差额l以及据上述赔偿的一般原则可以取得的其他损害赔偿8/20/202455ruc hly没有替代交易时的赔偿l如果合同被宣告无效，当事人没有转售或购买货物，而货物在交付地点又有时价，则要求损害赔偿的一方，可以取得合同价与宣告合同无效时的时价之间的差额及据一般赔偿原则可取得的其他赔偿l如果买方接收货物后又宣告合同无效，则适用接收货物时、交付货物地的时价，即合同价与接收货物时的时价之间的差额8/20/202456ruc hly有关损害赔偿的一些原则l实际与合理预期　74l45.2/61.2￿￿not￿deprived￿of￿any￿right￿￿he￿may￿have￿to￿claim￿damages￿by￿exercising￿his￿right￿to￿other￿remedies.l79.5　Nothing￿in￿this￿article￿prevents￿either￿party￿from￿exercising￿any￿right￿other￿than￿to￿claim￿damages￿under￿this￿Convention.8/20/202457ruc hly74损害赔偿的一般原则：实损l74.￿Damages￿for￿breach￿of￿contract￿by￿one￿party￿consist￿of￿a￿sum￿equal￿to￿the￿loss,￿including￿loss￿of￿profit,￿suffered￿by￿the￿other￿party￿as￿a￿consequence￿of￿the￿breach.￿Such￿damages￿may￿not￿exceed￿the￿loss￿which￿the￿party￿in￿breach￿foresaw￿or￿ought￿to￿have￿foreseen￿at￿the￿time￿of￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract,￿in￿the￿light￿of￿the￿facts￿and￿matters￿of￿which￿he￿then￿knew￿or￿ought￿to￿have￿known,￿as￿a￿possible￿consequence￿of￿the￿breach￿of￿contract.￿8/20/202458ruc hly75解除合同时的损害赔偿：差价l75.If￿the￿contract￿is￿avoided￿and￿if,￿in￿a￿reasonable￿manner￿and￿within￿a￿reasonable￿time￿after￿avoidance,￿the￿buyer￿has￿bought￿goods￿in￿replacement￿or￿the￿seller￿has￿resold￿the￿goods,￿the￿party￿claiming￿damages￿may￿recover￿the￿difference￿between￿the￿contract￿price￿and￿the￿price￿in￿the￿substitute￿transaction￿as￿well￿as￿any￿further￿damages￿recoverable￿under￿article￿74.8/20/202459ruc hly76解除合同时的损害赔偿l76. (1)￿If￿the￿contract￿is￿avoided￿and￿there￿is￿a￿current￿price￿for￿the￿goods,￿the￿party￿claiming￿damages￿may,￿if￿he￿has￿not￿made￿a￿purchase￿or￿resale￿under￿article￿75,￿recover￿the￿difference￿between￿the￿price￿fixed￿by￿the￿contract￿and￿the￿current￿price￿at￿the￿time￿of￿avoidance￿as￿well￿as￿any￿further￿damages￿recoverable￿under￿article￿74.￿If,￿however,￿the￿party￿claiming￿damages￿has￿avoided￿the￿contract￿after￿taking￿over￿the￿goods,￿the￿current￿price￿at￿the￿time￿of￿such￿taking￿over￿shall￿be￿applied￿instead￿of￿the￿current￿price￿at￿the￿time￿of￿avoidance.￿8/20/202460ruc hly76.(2) current￿price￿l(2)￿For￿the￿purposes￿of￿the￿preceding￿paragraph,￿the￿current￿price￿is￿the￿price￿prevailing￿at￿the￿place￿where￿delivery￿of￿the￿goods￿should￿have￿been￿made￿or,￿if￿there￿is￿no￿current￿price￿at￿that￿place,￿the￿price￿at￿such￿other￿place￿as￿serves￿as￿a￿reasonable￿substitute,￿making￿due￿allowance￿for￿differences￿in￿the￿cost￿of￿transporting￿the￿goods.8/20/202461ruc hly卖方违约时的其他救济形式l实际履行l交付替代物l根本违约／及时通知l修理l宽限期l减价l宣告合同无效l多交货物时的处理8/20/202462ruc hly买方违约时的其他救济形式l支付价款l收到货物l履约宽限期l宣告合同无效8/20/202463ruc hly减价1l要求减价的适用情况或限制（补救）l减价按实际交付的货物在交货时的价值与符合合同的货物在当时的价值两者之间的比例计算。

l合同价100　实际交付的货价80？8/20/202464ruc hly减价1－比例计算l合同价　　　符合合同的时价l　？　　　　不符合同的时价l？＝l合同价＊不符合同的时价／符合合同的时价8/20/202465ruc hly减价比例lIf￿the￿goods￿do￿not￿conform￿with￿the￿contract￿and￿whether￿or￿not￿the￿price￿has￿already￿been￿paid,￿the￿buyer￿may￿reduce￿the￿price￿in￿the￿same￿proportion￿as￿the￿value￿that￿the￿goods￿actually￿delivered￿had￿at￿the￿time￿of￿the￿delivery￿bears￿to￿the￿value￿that￿conforming￿goods￿would￿have￿had￿at￿that￿time.￿However,￿if￿the￿seller￿remedies￿any￿failure￿to￿perform￿his￿obligations￿in￿accordance￿with￿article￿37￿or￿article￿48￿or￿if￿the￿buyer￿refuses￿to￿accept￿performance￿by￿the￿seller￿in￿accordance￿with￿those￿articles,￿the￿buyer￿may￿not￿reduce￿the￿price.￿8/20/202466ruc hly宣告合同无效avoidancel含义l效果l条件l限制8/20/202467ruc hly含义与效果l含义l相当于解除合同l效果l解除双方合同项下的义务l赔偿存在l争端解决条款依然有效l可恢复原状8/20/202468ruc hly买方宣告合同无效的条件l卖方根本违约l未交货时l宽限期满不交货，或l期内声明不交货8/20/202469ruc hly买方宣告无效权利的限制l相关合理期限内未宣告无效l延迟交货时，知道交货后l非延迟交货l知或应知违约l宽限期满／声明不履约后l补救期满／声明不接受后8/20/202470ruc hly卖方宣告合同无效的条件l根本违约l宽限期内不付款或不收货，或声明不做8/20/202471ruc hly卖方宣告合同无效权的限制l买方已经支付价款l迟延履行，知道买方发行义务前l迟延履行外，已知应知后合理期限l宽限期满／声明不履约后合理期限8/20/202472ruc hly81宣告合同无效（解除合同）的效果l(1)￿Avoidance￿of￿the￿contract￿releases￿both￿parties￿from￿their￿obligations￿under￿it,￿subject￿to￿any￿damages￿which￿may￿be￿due.￿Avoidance￿does￿not￿affect￿any￿provision￿of￿the￿contract￿for￿the￿settlement￿of￿disputes￿or￿any￿other￿provision￿of￿the￿contract￿governing￿the￿rights￿and￿obligations￿of￿the￿parties￿consequent￿upon￿the￿avoidance￿of￿the￿contract.￿8/20/202473ruc hly81返还／恢复原状l(2)￿A￿party￿who￿has￿performed￿the￿contract￿either￿wholly￿or￿in￿part￿may￿claim￿restitution￿from￿the￿other￿party￿of￿whatever￿the￿first￿party￿has￿supplied￿or￿paid￿under￿the￿contract.￿If￿both￿parties￿are￿bound￿to￿make￿restitution,￿they￿must￿do￿so￿concurrently.￿8/20/202474ruc hly49买方宣布合同无效的条件l49(1)￿The￿buyer￿may￿declare￿the￿contract￿avoided:￿l(a)￿if￿the￿failure￿by￿the￿seller￿to￿perform￿any￿of￿his￿obligations￿under￿the￿contract￿or￿this￿Convention￿amounts￿to￿a￿fundamental￿breach￿of￿contract;￿or￿(b)￿in￿case￿of￿non-delivery,￿if￿the￿seller￿does￿not￿deliver￿the￿goods￿within￿the￿additional￿period￿of￿time￿fixed￿by￿the￿buyer￿in￿accordance￿with￿paragraph￿(1)￿of￿article￿47￿or￿declares￿that￿he￿will￿not￿deliver￿within￿the￿period￿so￿fixed.8/20/202475ruc hly49买方宣告合同无效的限制条件l(2)￿However,￿in￿cases￿where￿the￿seller￿has￿delivered￿the￿goods,￿the￿buyer￿loses￿the￿right￿to￿declare￿the￿contract￿avoided￿unless￿he￿does￿so:￿l(a)￿in￿respect￿of￿late￿delivery,￿within￿a￿reasonable￿time￿after￿he￿has￿become￿aware￿that￿delivery￿has￿been￿made;￿8/20/202476ruc hly49买方宣告合同无效的限制条件l(b)￿in￿respect￿of￿any￿breach￿other￿than￿late￿delivery,￿within￿a￿reasonable￿time:l(i)￿after￿he￿knew￿or￿ought￿to￿have￿known￿of￿the￿breach;￿l(ii)￿after￿the￿expiration￿of￿any￿additional￿period￿of￿time￿fixed￿by￿the￿buyer￿in￿accordance￿with￿paragraph￿(1)￿of￿article￿47,￿or￿after￿the￿seller￿has￿declared￿that￿he￿will￿not￿perform￿his￿obligations￿within￿such￿an￿additional￿period;￿or￿l(iii)￿after￿the￿expiration￿of￿any￿additional￿period￿of￿time￿indicated￿by￿the￿seller￿in￿accordance￿with￿paragraph￿(2)￿of￿article￿48,￿or￿after￿the￿buyer￿has￿declared￿that￿he￿will￿not￿accept￿performances.￿8/20/202477ruc hly82对买方限制l82(1)￿The￿buyer￿loses￿the￿right￿to￿declare￿the￿contract￿avoided￿or￿to￿require￿the￿seller￿to￿deliver￿substitute￿goods￿if￿it￿is￿impossible￿for￿him￿to￿make￿restitution￿of￿the￿goods￿substantially￿in￿the￿condition￿in￿which￿he￿received￿them.￿8/20/202478ruc hly82买方限制例外l(2)￿The￿preceding￿paragraph￿does￿not￿apply:￿l(a)￿if￿the￿impossibility￿of￿making￿restitution￿of￿the￿goods￿or￿of￿making￿restitution￿of￿the￿goods￿substantially￿in￿the￿condition￿in￿which￿the￿buyer￿received￿them￿is￿not￿due￿to￿his￿act￿or￿omission;￿l(b)￿the￿goods￿or￿part￿of￿the￿goods￿have￿perished￿or￿deteriorated￿as￿a￿result￿of￿the￿examination￿provided￿for￿in￿article￿38;￿or￿l(c)￿if￿the￿goods￿or￿part￿of￿the￿goods￿have￿been￿sold￿in￿the￿normal￿course￿of￿business￿or￿have￿been￿consumed￿or￿transformed￿by￿the￿buyer￿in￿the￿course￿of￿normal￿use￿before￿he￿discovered￿or￿ought￿to￿have￿discovered￿the￿lack￿of￿conformity.￿8/20/202479ruc hly83买方保留其他救济权利lA￿buyer￿who￿has￿lost￿the￿right￿to￿declare￿the￿contract￿avoided￿or￿to￿require￿the￿seller￿to￿deliver￿substitute￿goods￿in￿accordance￿with￿article￿82￿retains￿all￿other￿remedies￿under￿the￿contract￿and￿this￿Convention.￿8/20/202480ruc hly64卖方宣告合同无效l64(1)￿The￿seller￿may￿declare￿the￿contract￿avoided:￿l(a)￿if￿the￿failure￿by￿the￿buyer￿to￿perform￿any￿of￿his￿obligations￿under￿the￿contract￿or￿this￿Convention￿amounts￿to￿a￿fundamental￿breach￿of￿contract;￿or￿(b)￿if￿the￿buyer￿does￿not,￿within￿the￿additional￿period￿of￿time￿fixed￿by￿the￿seller￿in￿accordance￿with￿paragraph￿(1)￿of￿article￿63,￿perform￿his￿obligation￿to￿pay￿the￿price￿or￿take￿delivery￿of￿the￿goods,￿or￿if￿he￿declares￿that￿he￿will￿not￿do￿so￿within￿the￿period￿so￿fixed;￿8/20/202481ruc hly64卖方宣告无效的限制l(2)￿However,￿in￿cases￿where￿the￿buyer￿has￿paid￿the￿price,￿the￿seller￿loses￿the￿right￿to￿declare￿the￿contract￿avoided￿unless￿he￿does￿so:￿l(a)￿in￿respect￿of￿late￿performance￿by￿the￿buyer,￿before￿the￿seller￿has￿become￿aware￿that￿performance￿has￿been￿rendered;￿or(b)￿in￿respect￿of￿any￿breach￿other￿than￿late￿performance￿by￿the￿buyer,￿within￿a￿reasonable￿time:￿(i)￿after￿the￿seller￿knew￿or￿ought￿to￿have￿known￿of￿the￿breach;￿or￿(ii)￿after￿the￿expiration￿of￿any￿additional￿period￿of￿time￿fixed￿by￿the￿seller￿in￿accordance￿with￿paragraph￿(1)￿of￿article￿63,￿or￿after￿the￿buyer￿has￿declared￿that￿he￿will￿not￿perform￿his￿obligations￿within￿such￿an￿additional￿period.￿8/20/202482ruc hly84利益返还l(1)￿If￿the￿seller￿is￿bound￿to￿refund￿the￿price,￿he￿must￿also￿pay￿interest￿on￿it,￿from￿the￿date￿on￿which￿the￿price￿was￿paid.￿l(2)￿The￿buyer￿must￿account￿to￿the￿seller￿for￿all￿benefits￿which￿he￿has￿derived￿from￿the￿goods￿or￿part￿of￿them:￿l(a)￿if￿he￿must￿make￿restitution￿of￿the￿goods￿or￿part￿of￿them;￿or￿(b)￿if￿it￿is￿impossible￿for￿him￿to￿make￿restitution￿of￿all￿or￿part￿of￿the￿goods￿or￿to￿make￿restitution￿of￿all￿or￿part￿of￿the￿goods￿substantially￿in￿the￿condition￿in￿which￿he￿received￿them,￿but￿he￿has￿nevertheless￿declared￿the￿contract￿avoided￿or￿required￿the￿seller￿to￿deliver￿substitute￿goods.￿8/20/202483ruc hly免责事项l违约但不承担违约责任l免责事项l非他所能控制的障碍l第三方不履行l对方违约在先8/20/202484ruc hly非他所能控制的障碍l当事人不履行义务，如果他能证明此种不履行义务是由于某种非他所能控制的障碍，且对于这种障碍没有理由预期他在订立合同时能考虑到，或能避免或克服它或其后果。

l证明l不能合理预期（客观）l其订约时能考虑、避免或克服8/20/202485ruc hly涉及第三方违约l国际货物买卖合同的当事人，如果该当事人不履行义务是由于他所雇佣履行合同的全部或部分义务的第三方不履行义务所致，该当事人只有在以下情况下才能免除责任：l该当事人按非他所能控制的障碍的规定应免除责任，和l假如该款的规定也适用于他所雇佣的人，这个人也同样会免除责任8/20/202486ruc hlyArticle 79(1)l79(1)￿A￿party￿is￿not￿liable￿for￿a￿failure￿to￿perform￿any￿of￿his￿obligations￿if￿he￿proves￿that￿the￿failure￿was￿due￿to￿an￿impediment￿beyond￿his￿control￿and￿that￿he￿could￿not￿reasonably￿be￿expected￿to￿have￿taken￿the￿impediment￿into￿account￿at￿the￿time￿of￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract￿or￿to￿have￿avoided￿or￿overcome￿it￿or￿its￿consequences.￿8/20/202487ruc hlyArticle 79(2)l79(2)￿If￿the￿party's￿failure￿is￿due￿to￿the￿failure￿by￿a￿third￿person￿whom￿he￿has￿engaged￿to￿perform￿the￿whole￿or￿a￿part￿of￿the￿contract,￿that￿party￿is￿exempt￿from￿liability￿only￿if:￿l(a)￿he￿is￿exempt￿under￿the￿preceding￿paragraph;￿and￿(b)￿the￿person￿whom￿he￿has￿so￿engaged￿would￿be￿so￿exempt￿if￿the￿provisions￿of￿that￿paragraph￿were￿applied￿to￿him.8/20/202488ruc hly免责期限、范围、限制l持续期间l免予赔偿l对方收到通知8/20/202489ruc hly79免责期限与通知义务/其他权利l(3)￿The￿exemption￿provided￿by￿this￿article￿has￿effect￿for￿the￿period￿during￿which￿the￿impediment￿exists.￿l(4)￿The￿party￿who￿fails￿to￿perform￿must￿give￿notice￿to￿the￿other￿party￿of￿the￿impediment￿and￿its￿effect￿on￿his￿ability￿to￿perform.￿If￿the￿notice￿is￿not￿received￿by￿the￿other￿party￿within￿a￿reasonable￿time￿after￿the￿party￿who￿fails￿to￿perform￿knew￿or￿ought￿to￿have￿known￿of￿the￿impediment,￿he￿is￿liable￿for￿damages￿resulting￿from￿such￿non-receipt.￿l(5)￿Nothing￿in￿this￿article￿prevents￿either￿party￿from￿exercising￿any￿right￿other￿than￿to￿claim￿damages￿under￿this￿Convention.￿8/20/202490ruc hly80索赔方的过失l索赔方行为造成对方违约，索赔受限l（中国法）双方有过失时的相应责任8/20/202491ruc hly索赔方没有过失（手不干净）lA￿party￿may￿not￿rely￿on￿a￿failure￿of￿the￿other￿party￿to￿perform,￿to￿the￿extent￿that￿such￿failure￿was￿caused￿by￿the￿first￿party's￿act￿or￿omission.￿8/20/202492ruc hly所有权的转移和保留l属国内法规定l交付时转移,法律另规定/当事人另约定除外l所有权可以保留l保留的效力l中国物权法的规定及影响l费用的划分8/20/202493ruc hly风险的转移l公约的规定A66-70l中国合同法142-1498/20/202494ruc hly风险转移的效果l风险承担的时间分配l风险转移的后果l与其他义务履行的关系l根本违约的影响8/20/202495ruc hly公约有关风险转移的规定l货物在风险转移到买方承担后遗失或损坏，买方支付价款的义务并不因此而解除，除非这种遗失或损坏是由于卖方的行为或不行为所造成l如果卖方已根本违反合同，（67-69条）有关风险转移的规定，不损害买方因此种违反合同而可以采取的各种补救办法。

8/20/202496ruc hly涉及运输交付承运人l无特定地点交货，货交第一承运人时转移l特定地点交货，交付承运人前不转l以交付为条件l卖方控制单据，不影响转移l货物的特定化要求l以特定化为条件8/20/202497ruc hly运输途销售的货物l订立合同时转移l交付承运人时转移l卖方已知或应知损失，不转移8/20/202498ruc hly其他情形下的转移l买方接收货物时l买方应接收货物时（交由买方处置）l营业地外地点l交货时间、地点交由处置时l交买方处置以货物的识别为条件8/20/202499ruc hly中国合同法142-149l可能确定装运时间、目的港的通知8/20/2024100ruc hlyCHAPTER￿IV.￿PASSING￿OF￿RISK￿l Article￿66￿lLoss￿of￿or￿damage￿to￿the￿goods￿after￿the￿risk￿has￿passed￿to￿the￿buyer￿does￿not￿discharge￿him￿from￿his￿obligation￿to￿pay￿the￿price,￿unless￿the￿loss￿or￿damage￿is￿due￿to￿an￿act￿or￿omission￿of￿the￿seller.￿ 8/20/2024101ruc hly卖方先根本违约风险转移的影响￿lA70.￿If￿the￿seller￿has￿committed￿a￿fundamental￿breach￿of￿contract,￿articles￿67,￿68￿and￿69￿do￿not￿impair￿the￿remedies￿available￿to￿the￿buyer￿on￿account￿of￿the￿breach.￿8/20/2024102ruc hlyArticle￿67￿l(1)￿If￿the￿contract￿of￿sale￿involves￿carriage￿of￿the￿goods￿and￿the￿seller￿is￿not￿bound￿to￿hand￿them￿over￿at￿a￿particular￿place,￿the￿risk￿passes￿to￿the￿buyer￿when￿the￿goods￿are￿handed￿over￿to￿the￿first￿carrier￿for￿transmission￿to￿the￿buyer￿in￿accordance￿with￿the￿contract￿of￿sale.￿If￿the￿seller￿is￿bound￿to￿hand￿the￿goods￿over￿to￿a￿carrier￿at￿a￿particular￿place,￿the￿risk￿does￿not￿pass￿to￿the￿buyer￿until￿the￿goods￿are￿handed￿over￿to￿the￿carrier￿at￿that￿place.￿The￿fact￿that￿the￿seller￿is￿authorized￿to￿retain￿documents￿controlling￿the￿disposition￿of￿the￿goods￿does￿not￿affect￿the￿passage￿of￿the￿risk.￿8/20/2024103ruc hly货物必须特定化l(2)￿Nevertheless,￿the￿risk￿does￿not￿pass￿to￿the￿buyer￿until￿the￿goods￿are￿clearly￿identified￿to￿the￿contract,￿whether￿by￿markings￿on￿the￿goods,￿by￿shipping￿documents,￿by￿notice￿given￿to￿the￿buyer￿or￿otherwise.￿ 8/20/2024104ruc hlyArticle￿68￿途中货物／损失未披露l68.￿The￿risk￿in￿respect￿of￿goods￿sold￿in￿transit￿passes￿to￿the￿buyer￿from￿the￿time￿of￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract.￿However,￿if￿the￿circumstances￿so￿indicate,￿the￿risk￿is￿assumed￿by￿the￿buyer￿from￿the￿time￿the￿goods￿were￿handed￿over￿to￿the￿carrier￿who￿issued￿the￿documents￿embodying￿the￿contract￿of￿carriage.￿Nevertheless,￿if￿at￿the￿time￿of￿the￿conclusion￿of￿the￿contract￿of￿sale￿the￿seller￿knew￿or￿ought￿to￿have￿known￿that￿the￿goods￿had￿been￿lost￿or￿damaged￿and￿did￿not￿disclose￿this￿to￿the￿buyer,￿the￿loss￿or￿damage￿is￿at￿the￿risk￿of￿the￿seller.￿ 8/20/2024105ruc hlyArticle￿69￿买方接收或应接收时l69(1)￿In￿cases￿not￿within￿articles￿67￿and￿68,￿the￿risk￿passes￿to￿the￿buyer￿when￿he￿takes￿over￿the￿goods￿or,￿if￿he￿does￿not￿do￿so￿in￿due￿time,￿from￿the￿time￿when￿the￿goods￿are￿placed￿at￿his￿disposal￿and￿he￿commits￿a￿breach￿of￿contract￿by￿failing￿to￿take￿delivery.￿8/20/2024106ruc hly69特定地点应接收时l69(2)￿However,￿if￿the￿buyer￿is￿bound￿to￿take￿over￿the￿goods￿at￿a￿place￿other￿than￿a￿place￿of￿business￿of￿the￿seller,￿the￿risk￿passes￿when￿delivery￿is￿due￿and￿the￿buyer￿is￿aware￿of￿the￿fact￿that￿the￿goods￿are￿placed￿at￿his￿disposal￿at￿that￿place.￿8/20/2024107ruc hly69未特定化不视为交付买方l69(3)￿If￿the￿contract￿relates￿to￿goods￿not￿then￿identified,￿the￿goods￿are￿considered￿not￿to￿be￿placed￿at￿the￿disposal￿of￿the￿buyer￿until￿they￿are￿clearly￿identified￿to￿the￿contract. 8/20/2024108ruc hly中国合同法142-149l可能确定装运时间、目的港的通知8/20/2024109ruc hly。